All About Penile Cancer: A Comprehensive Guide
Discover everything you need to know about penile cancer in this comprehensive guide. Learn about symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment options, and prevention strategies to stay informed and proactive.
Written by Dr.Sonia Bhatt
Last updated on 3rd Jul, 2025
Penile cancer is a rare but serious condition that affects the penis, the male genital organ responsible for urination and sexual function. Although penile cancer is relatively uncommon, it’s essential for men to be aware of the signs, risk factors, and available treatments. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and quality of life. In this article, we will explore the important aspects of penile cancer, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options, while offering practical advice to patients.
What is Penile Cancer?
Penile cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the tissues of the penis grow uncontrollably, forming a malignant tumour. Like most cancers, it can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes or distant organs, making early detection and intervention crucial. The majority of penile cancers start in the skin cells of the penis, particularly in the mucous membrane that lines the inner part of the foreskin or the glans (head of the penis).
Though penile cancer is rare in developed countries, it is more common in areas of the world where hygiene practices may be lacking or where HPV (human papillomavirus) infections are more widespread. Penile cancer is typically slow-growing and may not show symptoms in its early stages, which is why regular self-exams and consultations with a healthcare provider are essential for early detection.
Risk Factors for Penile Cancer
Certain factors increase a man’s risk of developing penile cancer. While having one or more risk factors doesn’t necessarily mean a person will develop the disease, it’s important to recognise them and take preventive steps when possible. Here are the main risk factors associated with penile cancer:
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection
HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses, some of which are linked to the development of penile cancer. HPV infections are sexually transmitted, and the presence of high-risk strains, such as HPV 16 and 18, is often associated with cancerous changes in the penile tissues.
Lack of Circumcision
Men who are not circumcised may have a higher risk of developing penile cancer, particularly if they have poor hygiene. The accumulation of smegma (a substance that can build up under the foreskin) can irritate the skin of the penis, potentially leading to cancer. Circumcision reduces this risk by removing the foreskin and making it easier to maintain proper hygiene.
Chronic Inflammation or Skin Conditions
Chronic inflammation of the penis, such as that caused by lichen sclerosis (a condition that causes thin, white patches of skin), can increase the risk of penile cancer. Men with persistent inflammation, ulcers, or scars on the penis should seek medical attention for evaluation and management.
Smoking
Smoking is another significant risk factor for penile cancer. Chemicals in tobacco can damage cells and promote the growth of cancerous tumours, not just in the lungs but in other parts of the body, including the penis.
Weakened Immune System
Men with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those who take immunosuppressive medications following organ transplants, may be at a higher risk for penile cancer. The immune system plays an important role in controlling abnormal cell growth, and its impairment can lead to the development of various cancers.
Age
Penile cancer typically affects older men, with the average age of diagnosis being around 60. However, younger men can also develop this type of cancer, particularly if they have other risk factors.
Previous Penile Cancer or Family History
Men who have had penile cancer before or have a family history of the disease may be at an increased risk.
Symptoms of Penile Cancer
Penile cancer can present with various symptoms, which may include:
A Growth or Lump: An abnormal growth or lump on the penis, which may be painless or painful.
Ulcer or Sore: An ulcer or sore on the skin of the penis that does not heal.
Bleeding or Discharge: Bleeding or foul-smelling discharge from the penis.
Redness and Irritation: Redness, irritation, or thickening of the skin on the penis.
Painful Urination: Difficulty or pain while urinating (dysuria).
Diagnosis of Penile Cancer
Diagnosing penile cancer involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. The following steps are typically taken to diagnose penile cancer:
Medical History and Physical Examination: The healthcare provider will take a detailed medical history and perform a thorough physical examination of the penis, paying close attention to any suspicious lesions.
Biopsy: If a lesion appears suspicious, a biopsy will be performed. This involves removing a small sample of the lesion and examining it under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis of penile cancer.
Imaging Studies: Imaging studies such as ultrasound, MRI, or CT scans may be used to determine the extent of the cancer and whether it has spread to other parts of the body.
Treatment Options for Penile Cancer
The treatment of penile cancer depends on the stage and extent of the disease, as well as the patient's overall health. Common treatment options for penile cancer include:
Surgery: Surgical removal of the tumour is the most common treatment for penile cancer. Depending on the size and location of the tumour, different surgical techniques may be used, including circumcision, partial penectomy (removal of part of the penis), or total penectomy (removal of the entire penis).
Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to target and destroy cancerous cells. It may be used as a primary treatment or in combination with surgery.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be used for advanced penile cancer or when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Topical Treatments: For early-stage penile cancer, topical treatments such as imiquimod or 5-fluorouracil may be applied directly to the skin to treat the cancer.
Preventive Measures and Tips
While not all cases of penile cancer can be prevented, there are several steps men can take to reduce their risk of developing the disease:
Practice Good Hygiene: For uncircumcised men, regularly cleaning beneath the foreskin can help prevent infections and reduce the risk of cancer. Maintaining good hygiene is crucial in preventing the buildup of smegma and inflammation.
Get Vaccinated Against HPV: The HPV vaccine, which is available for both men and women, can protect against the high-risk strains of HPV that are linked to penile cancer. It is most effective when given before exposure to the virus, so it is recommended for boys and young men, ideally before becoming sexually active.
Stop Smoking: Quitting smoking can significantly lower the risk of developing penile cancer, as well as other types of cancer. If you’re a smoker, talk to your healthcare provider about strategies to quit.
Regular Self-Exams: Men should become familiar with the appearance of their penis and perform regular self-exams. If any unusual growths, lumps, or other symptoms are detected, it’s important to seek medical advice promptly.
Conclusion
Penile cancer may be rare, but it is a serious condition that requires attention and awareness. By understanding the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options, men can take proactive steps to detect the disease early and seek appropriate care. Regular self-exams, good hygiene, and vaccination against HPV are simple yet effective ways to lower the risk. If you have concerns about penile cancer, don’t hesitate to consult a healthcare provider for personalised advice and screenings. Early intervention can make a significant difference in the successful treatment and recovery from this cancer.
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