Tongue Cancer: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Treatment & Prevention
Learn about the early signs, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for tongue cancer. Discover prevention tips and risk factors to stay informed.
Written by Dr.Sonia Bhatt
Last updated on 3rd Jul, 2025
Tongue cancer is a serious form of oral cancer that impacts thousands of individuals worldwide. It primarily targets the squamous cells lining the surface of the tongue. While relatively less common than other cancers, tongue cancer is notably aggressive and can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated early. Early detection is crucial as it significantly improves survival rates. Therefore, understanding the symptoms, risk factors, and available treatment options is essential.
This comprehensive guide aims to provide in-depth information about tongue cancer, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies. By staying informed and proactive, you can better protect your health and seek timely medical attention if you notice any unusual changes.
Symptoms of Tongue Cancer
Recognising the symptoms of tongue cancer early can lead to a better prognosis. Common signs and symptoms include:
Persistent sore on the tongue: A sore that does not heal within a few weeks.
Pain or bleeding in the mouth: Unexplained pain, tenderness, or bleeding in the mouth.
Red or white patches: The appearance of red or white patches on the tongue or lining of the mouth.
Difficulty swallowing: Trouble swallowing or a feeling that something is stuck in the throat.
Lump or thickening: A lump or thickened area on the tongue or inside the mouth.
Numbness: Numbness in the tongue or other areas of the mouth.
Ear pain: Pain that radiates to the ear.
Voice changes: Changes in the voice or persistent hoarseness.
Unexplained weight loss: Sudden weight loss without an apparent reason.
If you experience any of these symptoms for more than two weeks, it is essential to seek medical advice promptly.
Causes and Risk Factors of Tongue Cancer
The exact cause of tongue cancer is not always clear, but several factors can increase the risk of developing this condition. Common risk factors include:
Tobacco Use: Smoking cigarettes, cigars, pipes, or using smokeless tobacco products significantly increases the risk of tongue cancer. Tobacco contains carcinogens that can damage the cells in the mouth and throat.
Alcohol Consumption: Heavy alcohol consumption is another major risk factor. When combined with tobacco use, the risk is even higher.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection: Certain strains of HPV, particularly HPV-16, are associated with an increased risk of oropharyngeal cancers, including those at the base of the tongue.
Poor Oral Hygiene: Neglecting oral hygiene can lead to chronic irritation and inflammation, which may increase the risk of developing tongue cancer.
Diet: A diet low in fruits and vegetables may contribute to an increased risk of oral cancers.
Family History: A family history of head and neck cancers can also be a risk factor.
Age and Gender: Tongue cancer is more common in individuals over the age of 50 and tends to affect men more frequently than women.
Diagnosis of Tongue Cancer
Diagnosing tongue cancer involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests. The diagnostic process typically includes:
Physical Examination: The healthcare provider will examine the mouth, tongue, and throat for any abnormalities, such as lumps, sores, or patches.
Biopsy: If an abnormal area is found, a biopsy may be performed to obtain a tissue sample for microscopic examination. This helps confirm the presence of cancer cells.
Imaging Tests: Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans can help determine the extent of the cancer and whether it has spread to other areas.
Endoscopy: An endoscope, a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera, may be used to examine the inside of the mouth, throat, and larynx for signs of cancer.
Stages of Tongue Cancer
Once tongue cancer is diagnosed, it is important to determine the stage of the cancer. Staging helps guide treatment decisions and predict the prognosis. The stages of tongue cancer are:
Stage I: The tumour is 2 centimetres or smaller and has not spread to nearby lymph nodes.
Stage II: The tumour is larger than 2 centimetres but not larger than 4 centimetres and has not spread to nearby lymph nodes.
Stage III: The tumour is larger than 4 centimetres, or it is any size and has spread to one nearby lymph node on the same side of the neck, but the lymph node is 3 centimetres or smaller.
Stage IV: The cancer has spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes, or other parts of the body (metastasis).
Treatment Options for Tongue Cancer
The treatment of tongue cancer depends on several factors, including the stage and location of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and personal preferences. Treatment options may include:
Surgery: Surgery is often the primary treatment for tongue cancer. The goal is to remove the tumour and a margin of healthy tissue around it. Types of surgery include:
Glossectomy: Partial or total removal of the tongue, depending on the tumour's size and location.
Neck Dissection: Removal of lymph nodes in the neck if the cancer has spread.
Radiation Therapy: High-energy beams, such as X-rays or protons, are used to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be used alone or in combination with surgery and chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy: Anti-cancer drugs are used to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be given before surgery to shrink the tumour, after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells, or in combination with radiation therapy.
Targeted Therapy: Targeted drugs specifically attack cancer cells by focusing on the proteins that control their growth and spread. These drugs may be used in advanced or recurrent cases of tongue cancer.
Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy drugs help the body's immune system recognise and attack cancer cells. This treatment may be an option for advanced tongue cancer.
Side Effects of Treatment
Treatment for tongue cancer can have side effects, which vary depending on the type and extent of treatment. Common side effects include:
Surgery: Pain, swelling, difficulty speaking, eating, and swallowing. Rehabilitation and speech therapy may be needed.
Radiation Therapy: Mouth sores, dry mouth, changes in taste, fatigue, and skin irritation in the treated area.
Chemotherapy: Nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, increased risk of infections, and changes in blood counts.
Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy: Side effects can include skin rash, diarrhoea, fatigue, and flu-like symptoms.
Rehabilitation and Support
Recovering from tongue cancer treatment often involves a multidisciplinary approach, including:
Speech Therapy: To help regain speech and swallowing function.
Nutritional Support: To ensure proper nutrition, especially if eating and swallowing are difficult.
Physical Therapy: To help with neck and jaw mobility.
Psychological Support: Counseling and support groups to address emotional and mental health needs.
Prevention
While it is not always possible to prevent tongue cancer, certain lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk:
Avoid Tobacco and Alcohol: Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption can significantly lower the risk of tongue cancer.
Maintain Good Oral Hygiene: Regular brushing, flossing, and dental check-ups can help prevent oral cancers.
Healthy Diet: Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables can support overall health and reduce cancer risk.
HPV Vaccination: Getting vaccinated against HPV can reduce the risk of HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers.
Regular Screening: Regular oral cancer screenings, especially for individuals at higher risk, can aid in early detection.
Conclusion
Tongue cancer is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires early detection and prompt treatment. By understanding the symptoms, causes, and available treatment options, you can take proactive steps to protect your oral health and reduce your risk. If you suspect any signs of tongue cancer, seek medical attention immediately to ensure the best possible outcome.
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