Ear Infection Symptoms, Causes and Treatment
Learn about the symptoms, causes, and treatment of ear infections in adults and children. Understand different types like swimmer’s ear and middle ear infections, and when to see a doctor.
Written by Dr. M L Ezhilarasan
Reviewed by Dr. D Bhanu Prakash MBBS, AFIH, Advanced certificate in critical care medicine, Fellowship in critical care medicine
Last updated on 25th Aug, 2025
Ear infections are a common health issue that can affect people of all ages, from infants to adults. While they can be painful and uncomfortable, most ear infections are treatable and preventable with the right care. In this article, we’ll discuss the symptoms, causes, and treatment options for ear infections, along with some helpful tips to manage and prevent them.
What Is an Ear Infection?
An ear infection occurs when bacteria or viruses invade the ear, causing inflammation and fluid buildup. There are three main types of ear infections:
1. Outer Ear Infection (Otitis Externa or Swimmer’s Ear) – Affects the ear canal, often due to moisture or injury.
2. Middle Ear Infection (Otitis Media) – Occurs behind the eardrum, is common in children.
3. Inner Ear Infection (Labyrinthitis) – Affects the inner ear, often linked to dizziness and balance issues.
Common Symptoms of an Ear Infection
The symptoms of an ear infection can vary depending on the type and severity. Here are some signs to watch for:
- Ear pain (sharp, dull, or throbbing)
- Itching or irritation in the ear canal
- Fluid drainage (clear, yellow, or bloody)
- Hearing loss or muffled hearing
- Fever (especially in children)
- Dizziness or balance problems (in inner ear infections)
- Feeling of fullness or pressure in the ear
- Tugging or pulling at the ear (common in babies)
If you or your child experiences severe pain, high fever, or sudden hearing loss, seek medical attention immediately.
What Causes Ear Infections?
Ear infections can develop due to various reasons, including:
1. Bacterial or Viral Infections
- Most middle ear infections are caused by bacteria or viruses, often following a cold or respiratory infection.
2. Fluid Buildup
- When the Eustachian tube (connecting the middle ear to the throat) gets blocked due to allergies, colds, or sinus infections, fluid can accumulate and lead to infection.
3. Swimmer’s Ear (Outer Ear Infection)
- Excess moisture in the ear canal (from swimming, bathing, or humid climates) can create a breeding ground for bacteria.
4. Allergies and Sinus Issues
- Nasal congestion and allergies can increase the risk of ear infections by blocking the Eustachian tubes.
Consult Top ENT Specialist
5. Smoking or Secondhand Smoke Exposure
- Tobacco smoke can irritate the Eustachian tubes and increase infection risk.
6. Changes in Altitude
- Air travel or high-altitude trips can sometimes trigger ear pressure and infections.
How Are Ear Infections Treated?
Treatment depends on the type and severity of the infection. Here are common approaches:
1. Antibiotics (For Bacterial Infections)
- If a doctor confirms a bacterial infection, they may prescribe antibiotics.
- Always complete the full course, even if symptoms improve.
2. Pain Relief
- Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help reduce pain and fever.
- Warm compresses placed on the ear may also provide relief.
3. Ear Drops (For Outer Ear Infections)
Antibiotic or antifungal ear drops can treat a swimmer's ear.
4. Observation (For Mild Cases)
- Some mild ear infections, especially in children, may resolve on their own without antibiotics.
5. Surgery (In Rare Cases)
- If infections are frequent, a doctor may recommend ear tubes to help drain fluid.
Home Remedies and Prevention Tips
While medical treatment is often necessary, these tips can help manage symptoms and prevent future infections:
- Keep Ears Dry – After swimming or showering, gently dry ears with a towel or use a hairdryer on a low setting.
- Avoid Inserting Objects – Cotton swabs or fingers can push wax deeper and cause infections.
- Practice Good Hygiene – Wash hands frequently to prevent colds and infections.
- Breastfeed Infants – Breastfeeding can help reduce the risk of ear infections in babies.
- Avoid Smoking – Keep children away from secondhand smoke.
- Stay Up-to-Date on Vaccinations – Flu and pneumococcal vaccines can help prevent infections.
When to See a Doctor
Most ear infections improve within a few days, but you should consult a doctor if:
- Symptoms last more than 2-3 days
- Pain is severe
- Pus or blood is draining from the ear
- Hearing loss occurs
- A high fever (above 102°F) develops
If you or your child frequently suffers from ear infections, a specialist can help identify underlying causes and recommend long-term solutions.
Need Help? Consult a Doctor on Apollo 24|7
If you suspect an ear infection, don’t wait; early treatment can prevent complications. You can book a consultation with an ENT specialist or schedule a lab test through Apollo 24|7 for quick and reliable care.
Final Thoughts
Ear infections can be painful, but with proper care, they usually heal without long-term problems. By recognising symptoms early and following preventive measures, you can reduce discomfort and avoid complications. If in doubt, always seek medical advice for the best treatment plan.
Consult Top ENT Specialist
Consult Top ENT Specialist
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11 Years • MBBS, MS - ENT
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Consult Top ENT Specialist
Dr. Nishant Rana
Ent Specialist
8 Years • MBBS. MS ENT
Delhi
Apollo Hospitals Indraprastha, Delhi
Dr. Safina Kauser
Ent Specialist
7 Years • MBBS, MS
Bengaluru
Apollo Clinic, JP nagar, Bengaluru
Dr Vaishnavi Shetty
Ent Specialist
5 Years • M. B. B. S , M.S.Otorhinolaryngology
Bengaluru
Apollo Medical Center, Marathahalli, Bengaluru
Dr. Sushma Patil
Ent Specialist
20 Years • MBBS, DLO (Diploma in Laryngology & otology) ENT
Bengaluru
Apollo Clinic, JP nagar, Bengaluru
Dr. Mayur Nair
Ent Specialist
11 Years • MBBS, MS - ENT
Bengaluru
Apollo Clinic, Sarjapur Road, Bengaluru