Bone Marrow Biopsy Overview and Procedure
Learn about the bone marrow biopsy, including its purpose, step-by-step procedure, preparation tips, recovery guidance, and how it helps diagnose various blood and bone marrow disorders.
Written by Dr. Rohinipriyanka Pondugula
Reviewed by Dr. J T Hema Pratima MBBS
Last updated on 27th Aug, 2025
Introduction
A bone marrow biopsy is a medical procedure that helps doctors diagnose and monitor various blood and bone marrow conditions. While the idea of this test might sound intimidating, understanding what it involves can help ease your concerns. This article will guide you through the basics of a bone marrow biopsy, why it’s done, what to expect, and how to prepare for it.
What Is a Bone Marrow Biopsy?
Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside your bones where blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) are produced. A bone marrow biopsy involves taking a small sample of this tissue, usually from the hip bone (pelvis), to examine under a microscope.
There are two main parts to this procedure:
1. Bone Marrow Aspiration – A small amount of liquid marrow is withdrawn.
2. Bone Marrow Biopsy – A tiny piece of solid bone marrow tissue is removed.
Both samples help doctors diagnose blood disorders, infections, or cancers like leukaemia, lymphoma, or myeloma.
Consult a Haematologist for the best advice
Why Is a Bone Marrow Biopsy Done?
Your doctor may recommend this test if you have:
- Unexplained anaemia (low red blood cells)
- Abnormal blood cell counts
- Suspected blood cancers (leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma)
- Bone marrow disorders (myelodysplastic syndrome, myelofibrosis)
- Infections affecting the bone marrow
- Monitoring treatment response (e.g., chemotherapy for cancer)
What to Expect During the Procedure
Here’s what you can typically expect during the procedure, so you feel prepared and informed every step of the way.
Before the Biopsy
- Your doctor will explain the procedure and answer any questions.
- You may need blood tests to check for bleeding risks.
- Inform your doctor if you’re on blood thinners (like aspirin or warfarin).
- You’ll be asked to lie on your stomach or side, depending on the biopsy site (usually the back of the hip bone).
During the Biopsy
1. Cleaning and Numbing – The area is cleaned, and a local anesthetic is injected to numb the skin and bone surface. You may feel a brief sting.
2. Aspiration – A thin needle is inserted to withdraw liquid marrow. You might feel a brief, sharp pain or pressure.
3. Biopsy – A slightly larger needle is used to remove a small piece of bone marrow tissue. This may cause a dull ache.
4. Bandaging – The site is covered with a sterile bandage.
The entire procedure usually takes 15–30 minutes.
After the Biopsy
- You’ll need to lie still for a few minutes to prevent bleeding.
- Mild soreness at the biopsy site is normal for a day or two.
- Avoid strenuous activity for 24 hours.
- Contact your doctor if you notice excessive bleeding, swelling, or fever.
Does a Bone Marrow Biopsy Hurt?
Most people feel some discomfort, but the pain is usually brief. The local anaesthesia helps numb the area, so you shouldn’t feel severe pain. Some describe it as a deep pressure or cramping sensation. If you’re very anxious, ask your doctor about mild sedation options.
Risks and Complications
Bone marrow biopsies are generally safe, but rare complications include:
- Bleeding or bruising (more likely if you have a bleeding disorder).
- Infection (rare, since the area is sterilized).
- Pain or tenderness (usually mild and temporary).
How to Prepare for a Bone Marrow Biopsy
To prepare for a bone marrow biopsy:
- Wear comfortable clothing.
- Inform your doctor about medications or allergies.
- Arrange for someone to drive you home if sedation is used.
- Stay relaxed; deep breathing can help.
When Will You Get Results?
The biopsy samples are sent to a lab for analysis. Results may take a few days to a week, depending on the tests needed. Your doctor will discuss the findings and next steps.
Tips for a Smooth Recovery
Here are some helpful tips to ensure a smooth and comfortable recovery:
- Apply ice to reduce swelling.
- Take over-the-counter pain relievers (like acetaminophen) if needed.
- Avoid heavy lifting for a day or two.
- Keep the biopsy site clean and dry.
When to See a Doctor
Call your healthcare provider if you experience:
- Severe pain that doesn’t improve with painkillers.
- Signs of infection (redness, pus, fever).
- Excessive bleeding that doesn’t stop.
Final Thoughts
A bone marrow biopsy is a crucial test for diagnosing and managing blood and bone marrow disorders. While it may sound scary, knowing what to expect can help you feel more at ease. If your doctor has recommended this test, don’t hesitate to ask questions; your medical team is there to support you.
Consult a Haematologist for the best advice
Consult a Haematologist for the best advice
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