Infertility in Men: Key Information to Understand
Know about infertility in men, common causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options for infertility in men and more.
Written by Dr. Vasanthasree Nair
Reviewed by Dr. Rohinipriyanka Pondugula MBBS
Last updated on 13th Jan, 2026
Introduction
Infertility is a common concern that affects many couples trying to conceive. While often perceived as a female issue, male infertility contributes to nearly 40-50% of infertility cases. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatments can help men take proactive steps toward improving their fertility.
What is Male Infertility?
Male infertility refers to a man’s inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female partner due to problems with sperm production, function, or delivery. It is typically diagnosed after a couple fails to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse.
Common Causes of Male Infertility
Several factors can contribute to male infertility, including:
1. Sperm Production Issues
Low sperm count (oligospermia) – Fewer sperm than normal.
Poor sperm motility (asthenospermia) – Sperm don’t swim well.
Abnormal sperm shape (teratospermia) – Misshapen sperm struggle to fertilise an egg.
Azoospermia – No sperm in semen.
2. Hormonal Imbalances
Low testosterone or other hormonal disorders can affect sperm production.
3. Blockages in Sperm Transport
Infections, surgeries (like vasectomy), or genetic conditions can block sperm from reaching semen.
4. Lifestyle & Environmental Factors
Smoking & Alcohol – Reduces sperm count and quality.
Obesity – Linked to hormonal changes affecting fertility.
Heat Exposure – Frequent hot baths, tight underwear, or prolonged laptop use on the lap can raise testicular temperature.
Stress & Poor Diet – Can negatively impact sperm health.
5. Medical Conditions
Varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum) – A leading cause of infertility.
Infections (e.g., STIs, mumps) – Can damage sperm production.
Chronic Illnesses (diabetes, cancer treatments) – May impair fertility.
Symptoms of Male Infertility
Often, there are no obvious symptoms except difficulty conceiving. However, some signs may include:
Low sex drive or erectile dysfunction.
Pain, swelling, or lumps in the testicles.
Decreased facial/body hair (possible hormonal issue).
Small semen volume during ejaculation.
Diagnosis & Tests
If infertility is suspected, doctors may recommend:
1. Semen Analysis – Checks sperm count, motility, and shape.
2. Hormone Testing – Evaluates testosterone and other hormone levels.
3. Scrotal Ultrasound – Detects varicoceles or blockages.
4. Genetic Testing – Identifies inherited conditions.
How to Improve Male Fertility?
1. Healthy Lifestyle Changes
Eat a Balanced Diet – Include zinc (nuts, seeds), antioxidants (berries), and omega-3s (fish).
Exercise Regularly – Maintain a healthy weight.
Quit Smoking & Limit Alcohol – Both harm sperm quality.
Avoid Heat Exposure – Wear loose underwear, limit hot baths.
2. Medical Treatments
Medications – Hormone therapy or antibiotics for infections.
Surgery – Corrects varicoceles or blockages.
Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART) – IVF, ICSI, or sperm retrieval methods.
3. Stress Management
Practice yoga, meditation, or counselling to reduce stress.
When to See a Doctor?
Consult a fertility specialist if:
You’ve been trying to conceive for over a year without success.
You have a history of testicular injury, infections, or hormonal disorders.
Your partner has irregular periods or known fertility issues.
Final Thoughts
Male infertility is a common but treatable condition. Early diagnosis and lifestyle changes can significantly improve fertility outcomes. If you're struggling to conceive, don’t hesitate to seek medical advice.
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