Kwashiorkor Overview: Causes and Treatment Information
Know about kwashiorkor, causes, treatment, symptoms and prevention. Learn about when to see a doctor and more.
Introduction
Kwashiorkor is a severe form of malnutrition caused by a lack of protein in the diet. It mostly affects young children in regions where food supply is limited, but it can also occur in adults under extreme conditions. If left untreated, it can lead to serious health complications.
In this article, we’ll discuss what Kwashiorkor is, its causes, symptoms, and how it can be treated and prevented.
What is Kwashiorkor?
Kwashiorkor is a type of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) where the body does not get enough protein, even if calorie intake may be sufficient. Unlike marasmus (another form of malnutrition where both calories and protein are lacking), Kwashiorkor is characterised by swelling (oedema), especially in the legs, feet, and face.
This condition is most common in children between the ages of 1 and 4, especially in areas where diets rely heavily on starchy foods like rice, maize, or cassava, with little protein from meat, eggs, or dairy.
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Causes of Kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor develops when the body does not get enough protein, which is essential for growth, immune function, and tissue repair.
Some common causes include:
1. Poor Diet – Eating mostly carbohydrates (like rice, corn, or potatoes) without enough protein-rich foods (such as beans, eggs, fish, or meat).
2. Poverty & Food Scarcity – Families in low-income regions may struggle to afford or access protein-rich foods.
3. Infections & Illnesses – Conditions like diarrhoea, parasitic infections, or HIV can worsen malnutrition by reducing nutrient absorption.
4. Weaning Too Early – Babies switched from breast milk to low-protein foods too soon may develop Kwashiorkor.
5. Natural Disasters & Famine – Droughts, wars, or crop failures can lead to food shortages, increasing the risk of malnutrition.
Symptoms of Kwashiorkor
Recognising Kwashiorkor early can help prevent complications. Common signs include:
- Swelling (Oedema) – Puffiness in the legs, feet, and face due to fluid retention.
- Skin & Hair Changes – Dry, peeling skin, rashes, and brittle, discoloured hair.
- Fatigue & Irritability – Weakness, tiredness, and mood changes.
- Stunted Growth – Poor weight gain and delayed development in children.
- Loss of Muscle Mass – Thin arms and legs with a swollen belly (due to liver enlargement).
- Frequent Infections – Weak immune system leading to repeated illnesses.
If left untreated, Kwashiorkor can cause liver damage, heart problems, and even death.
Treatment for Kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor is a medical emergency and requires proper treatment. The main steps include:
1. Medical Care & Hospitalisation
Severe cases need hospital care to stabilise the patient. Doctors may provide:
- Therapeutic Foods – High-protein, high-calorie foods like fortified milk or peanut-based pastes.
- Fluid Management – To reduce swelling and correct dehydration.
- Vitamin & Mineral Supplements – To restore deficiencies (especially vitamin A, zinc, and iron).
- Treating Infections – Antibiotics if infections are present.
2. Gradual Nutritional Recovery
- Sudden high-protein foods can be harmful, so doctors introduce nutrients slowly, increasing protein intake over time.
3. Long-Term Dietary Changes
After recovery, a balanced diet with enough protein is crucial. Good protein sources include:
- Animal-based: Eggs, milk, chicken, fish, lean meat.
- Plant-based: Beans, lentils, chickpeas, nuts, soy products.
Preventing Kwashiorkor
Prevention is key, especially in high-risk areas. Here’s how:
- Breastfeeding – Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months provides essential nutrients.
- Balanced Diet – Include protein-rich foods in meals.
- Education – Teaching families about nutrition can help prevent malnutrition.
- Food Aid Programs – Governments and NGOs can provide fortified foods in vulnerable regions.
When to See a Doctor
If you notice signs of Kwashiorkor—such as swelling, skin changes, or extreme fatigue—seek medical help immediately. Early treatment improves recovery chances.
Final Thoughts
Kwashiorkor is a serious but preventable condition. With proper nutrition and timely medical care, recovery is possible. If you live in an area with limited food variety, focus on including protein sources in daily meals to protect yourself and your family.
Consult a General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
Consult a General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
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Consult a General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
Dr. Avinash Pasuparthy
General Practitioner
5 Years • MBBS
Visakhapatnam
Apollo Clinic Vizag, Visakhapatnam
Dr. Anand Ravi
General Physician
2 Years • MBBS
Bengaluru
PRESTIGE SHANTHINIKETAN - SOCIETY CLINIC, Bengaluru
Dr. Pankaj Tripathi
General Practitioner
20 Years • MBBS, MD Pathology
Lucknow
Best Diabetologist Clinic, Lucknow
Dr Syed Mateen Pasha
General Physician
2 Years • MBBS
Bengaluru
PRESTIGE SHANTHINIKETAN - SOCIETY CLINIC, Bengaluru
Dr. Ritesh Motghare
General Practitioner
18 Years • MBBS PGCDM
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HEALTH CENTRE VNIT NAGPUR, Nagpur
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