Monkeypox Signs, Treatment, and Prevention A Complete Guide
Learn how to identify, treat, and prevent monkeypox (Mpox). Understand its symptoms, transmission, treatment options, and vaccination guidance.
Written by Dr. Mohammed Kamran
Reviewed by Dr. Shaik Abdul Kalam MD (Physician)
Last updated on 9th Oct, 2025
Introduction
Monkeypox, recently renamed Mpox by the WHO, emerged from a rare tropical disease to a global health concern in 2022. While the headlines have quieted, understanding this virus remains crucial for public health. If you're worried about the signs of monkeypox treatment prevention, you've come to the right place. This guide moves beyond the basics to provide a comprehensive look at how to recognise, manage, and, most importantly, prevent this illness. We'll break down the distinct stages of the monkeypox rash, explain the latest prevention strategies including vaccination, and outline the supportive care that forms the cornerstone of treatment. Whether you're seeking information for personal knowledge or to protect your family, this article will equip you with evidence-based, practical advice to navigate the facts about monkeypox confidently.
What is Monkeypox? Understanding the Virus
Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, which belongs to the same family of viruses as smallpox. It was first discovered in 1958 in colonies of monkeys kept for research, hence the name. The first human case was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. For decades, cases were largely confined to certain regions of Central and West Africa. The virus has two main clades (genetic groups): the Central African (Congo Basin) clade, which is historically more severe, and the West African clade, which is associated with the recent global outbreak and typically causes milder disease.
The 2022 Global Outbreak: What Changed?
The 2022 outbreak was significant because it was the first time widespread community transmission occurred in many non-endemic countries outside of Africa. A key difference was the pattern of transmission. While traditionally linked to contact with infected animals, the 2022 outbreak was primarily driven by close, intimate personal contact, often within social networks. This highlighted that the virus could spread efficiently between people through sustained skin-to-skin contact. Public health organisations worldwide rapidly mobilised to contain the outbreak through testing, contact tracing, and vaccination, providing valuable lessons for managing emerging infectious diseases.
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Recognising the Signs: Key Monkeypox Symptoms
Knowing the symptoms is the first step toward seeking appropriate care. The illness typically lasts 2-4 weeks. It's important to note that in the 2022 outbreak, some people experienced symptoms outside the classic order.
The Initial Phase: Flu-Like Symptoms
Often, the illness begins with general, non-specific symptoms that resemble the flu. This prodrome phase can include:
• Fever
• Intense headache
• Muscle aches and backache
• Swollen lymph nodes (this is a key feature that distinguishes it from smallpox and chickenpox)
• Chills and exhaustion
This phase usually lasts 1-3 days before the rash appears, though some individuals may only develop a rash.
The Rash: The Hallmark Sign
The monkeypox rash is the most recognisable sign. It typically evolves through specific stages, often beginning on the face and then spreading to other parts of the body, including the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. In the recent outbreak, however, many cases featured localised rashes in the genital or perianal area, without widespread body rash.
Stages of the Monkeypox Rash
The following are the stages of monkeypox rash:
1. Macules: The rash starts as flat, red lesions.
2. Papules: The lesions become raised and firm.
3. Vesicles: They fill with clear fluid.
4. Pustules: The fluid turns cloudy, yellow, or white, forming pus-filled bumps.
5. Scabs: The pustules dry up, crust over, and form scabs, which eventually fall off.
Distinguishing Monkeypox from Chickenpox and Other Rashes
A key difference is progression. Unlike chickenpox, where lesions appear in waves (so you can have blisters and scabs simultaneously), monkeypox lesions typically evolve together on the same part of the body. The presence of swollen lymph nodes is also a major differentiator. If you notice an unusual rash, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis. You can easily consult a doctor online with Apollo24|7 to discuss your symptoms discreetly and get initial guidance.
How Does Monkeypox Spread? Routes of Transmission
Understanding transmission is fundamental to monkeypox prevention. The virus spreads through close contact with an infected person, animal, or contaminated materials.
Direct Contact: The Primary Risk
The most significant risk factor is direct contact with the infectious rash, scabs, or body fluids. This includes:
• Intimate skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity.
• Hugging, kissing, or massaging.
• Contact with respiratory secretions through prolonged face-to-face interaction.
Indirect Contact and Respiratory Droplets
The virus can also spread by touching items that previously touched the infectious rash or body fluids, such as clothing, bedding, or towels. Although less common, it can spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person has lesions in their mouth and is coughing or speaking near others for an extended period. Pregnant people can also spread the virus to their fetus.
Diagnosing Monkeypox: When to See a Doctor
If you develop a new, unexplained rash or other symptoms consistent with monkeypox, especially if you believe you've had recent exposure, it's crucial to seek medical advice. Isolate yourself from others and contact a healthcare provider. Diagnosis is made by testing the fluid from a lesion. A healthcare professional will swab a lesion and send the sample to a specialised laboratory for PCR (polymerase chain reaction) testing. If your condition does not improve after trying these methods, book a physical visit to a doctor with Apollo24|7 for proper testing and diagnosis.
Monkeypox Treatment: Managing the Illness
Most cases of monkeypox are mild and resolve on their own. The primary approach to monkeypox treatment is supportive care, with medical interventions reserved for severe cases or high-risk individuals.
Supportive Care at Home (Self-Care Strategies)
For those with mild illness, managing symptoms at home is key. This includes:
• Isolation: Stay in a separate room and use a separate bathroom from other household members until all scabs have fallen off and a new layer of skin has formed.
• Pain and Fever Management: Use over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen to manage fever, headache, and body aches.
• Skin Care: Keep the rash clean, dry, and uncovered. Oatmeal baths can soothe itching. Avoid scratching to prevent secondary bacterial infections and scarring.
• Hydration and Nutrition: Drink plenty of fluids and eat well to support your immune system.
Medical Interventions and Antiviral Medications
In some cases, doctors may prescribe an antiviral drug called Tecovirimat (TPOXX), which is approved for the treatment of smallpox and available for monkeypox under an expanded access protocol. It is typically considered for people with severe disease, those with a weakened immune system, or individuals with complications. The decision to use antivirals should always be made by a healthcare professional.
Preventing Monkeypox: Your First Line of Defence
Prevention is always better than cure. A combination of vaccination and behavioural changes is the most effective strategy.
The JYNNEOS Vaccine: Who Needs It?
The JYNNEOS vaccine is a two-dose vaccine approved for the prevention of monkeypox. It is most effective when given before exposure, but can also reduce the severity of illness if given shortly after exposure. Vaccination is recommended for:
1. People who have been identified as a close contact of someone with monkeypox.
2. People who may be more likely to get monkeypox, including individuals with certain risk factors as identified by public health authorities.
Everyday Habits for Risk Reduction
Incorporating a few mindful habits into your routine can significantly lower your chances of infection:
• Avoid close, skin-to-skin contact with people who have a rash that looks like monkeypox.
• Do not share utensils, cups, bedding, or towels with a person who has monkeypox.
• Wash your hands often with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitiser.
• In social settings, be mindful of the risks associated with intimate contact.
Living with Monkeypox: Isolation and Recovery
A monkeypox diagnosis can be stressful due to the required isolation period and the visible nature of the illness.
Protecting Others in Your Household
If you are isolating at home, disinfect high-touch surfaces regularly, handle your own laundry if possible (using warm water and detergent), and wear a well-fitting mask when you need to be near others.
Caring for Your Skin and Managing Scarring
After the scabs fall off, the new skin may be discoloured or scarred. To aid healing and minimise scarring:
• Keep the new skin moisturised.
• Protect it from the sun by using sunscreen or covering it, as sun exposure can darken scars.
• Consult a dermatologist if you are concerned about significant scarring.
Conclusion
While the word "monkeypox" can sound alarming, being informed demystifies the virus and empowers you to take proactive steps. Recognising the signs of monkeypox early allows for prompt action, which protects both your health and the health of your community. Effective treatment largely revolves around diligent self-care and monitoring, while prevention hinges on vaccination and mindful personal habits. By understanding how the virus spreads and the full spectrum of the illness, from initial flu-like symptoms to the final healed skin, you can navigate this public health challenge with confidence. Stay vigilant, practice good hygiene, and don't hesitate to seek professional medical advice when needed.
Consult a Specialist for the best advice
Consult a Specialist for the best advice
Dr. S Madhuri
Dermatologist
10 Years • MBBS, MD. DVL, DNB, Fellow (Dermatosurgery & Lasers)
Secunderabad
Apollo Hospitals Secunderabad, Secunderabad
(425+ Patients)
Dr. Syeda Sarwath Saniya
Dermatologist
5 Years • MBBS,DVD
Bengaluru
Apollo Medical Center, Marathahalli, Bengaluru
Dr G Prathyusha
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
6 Years • MBBS DNB (Family medicine), CCEBDM (Diabetology), PGDGM (Geriatrics), Primary care Rheumatologist.
Bengaluru
PRESTIGE SHANTHINIKETAN - SOCIETY CLINIC, Bengaluru
Dr. Krupa Modi
Dermatologist
5 Years • MBBS, MD Dermatology, Venerology & Leprosy
Mumbai
B.A.E CLINIC, Mumbai
Dr. Somshukla Ray
Dermatologist
10 Years • MBBS, MD (Dermatology,Venerology & Leprosy), DNB (Dermatology,Venerology & Leprosy)
Kolkata
MCR SUPER SPECIALITY POLY CLINIC & PATHOLOGY, Kolkata
(25+ Patients)
Consult a Specialist for the best advice
Dr. S Madhuri
Dermatologist
10 Years • MBBS, MD. DVL, DNB, Fellow (Dermatosurgery & Lasers)
Secunderabad
Apollo Hospitals Secunderabad, Secunderabad
(425+ Patients)
Dr. Syeda Sarwath Saniya
Dermatologist
5 Years • MBBS,DVD
Bengaluru
Apollo Medical Center, Marathahalli, Bengaluru
Dr G Prathyusha
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
6 Years • MBBS DNB (Family medicine), CCEBDM (Diabetology), PGDGM (Geriatrics), Primary care Rheumatologist.
Bengaluru
PRESTIGE SHANTHINIKETAN - SOCIETY CLINIC, Bengaluru
Dr. Krupa Modi
Dermatologist
5 Years • MBBS, MD Dermatology, Venerology & Leprosy
Mumbai
B.A.E CLINIC, Mumbai
Dr. Somshukla Ray
Dermatologist
10 Years • MBBS, MD (Dermatology,Venerology & Leprosy), DNB (Dermatology,Venerology & Leprosy)
Kolkata
MCR SUPER SPECIALITY POLY CLINIC & PATHOLOGY, Kolkata
(25+ Patients)
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Frequently Asked Questions
1. Is monkeypox deadly?
Most people recover fully from monkeypox without the need for hospitalisation. However, severe cases can occur, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems, young children, or pregnant women. The case fatality ratio for the West African clade (responsible for the global outbreak) is low (around 1-3%).
2. How long is monkeypox contagious?
A person is contagious from the onset of symptoms until all scabs have fallen off and a fresh layer of intact skin has formed underneath. This period typically lasts 2-4 weeks.
3. Can you get monkeypox from a swimming pool?
There is no evidence that the virus can spread through properly chlorinated water in swimming pools. The primary risk would be through close, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person in the pool or by sharing contaminated towels or equipment.
4. What are the common side effects of the monkeypox vaccine?
Common side effects of the JYNNEOS vaccine are mild and include pain, redness, and swelling at the injection site, as well as temporary symptoms like muscle aches, headache, and fatigue.
5. If I've had the smallpox vaccine as a child, am I protected against monkeypox?
Prior smallpox vaccination may provide some protection against monkeypox, but immunity wanes over time. Public health authorities may still recommend a current monkeypox vaccine for those at risk, even if they were vaccinated against smallpox decades ago.