Pediatric Rheumatology Overview and Treatments
Get an overview of pediatric rheumatology, including common conditions like juvenile arthritis and lupus. Learn about symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options to support children’s long-term joint health.
Written by Dr. Rohinipriyanka Pondugula
Reviewed by Dr. Vasanthasree Nair MBBS
Last updated on 31st Aug, 2025
Pediatric rheumatology is a specialised branch of medicine that focuses on diagnosing and treating autoimmune and inflammatory conditions in children. These conditions affect the joints, muscles, bones, and sometimes other organs like the skin, eyes, and kidneys. While rheumatic diseases are often associated with older adults, they can also affect children, sometimes leading to long-term health challenges if not managed properly.
If your child is experiencing persistent joint pain, swelling, or unexplained fatigue, consulting a pediatric rheumatologist can help in early diagnosis and effective treatment.
Common Pediatric Rheumatic Conditions
Here are some of the most common rheumatic conditions seen in children:
1. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
JIA is the most common type of arthritis in children, causing joint inflammation, stiffness, and pain. There are different subtypes, each affecting children differently.
Symptoms:
• Joint pain, swelling, or stiffness (especially in the morning)
• Fatigue
• Fever or rash (in some cases)
• Eye inflammation (uveitis)
2. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
SLE is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks healthy tissues, affecting multiple organs.
Symptoms:
• Butterfly-shaped rash on the face
• Joint pain and swelling
• Fatigue and fever
• Kidney problems
3. Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM)
This condition causes muscle weakness and skin rashes due to inflammation.
Symptoms:
• Muscle weakness (difficulty climbing stairs or lifting arms)
• Purple or red rash on eyelids, knuckles, or knees
• Fatigue
Consult Top Specialists
4. Kawasaki Disease
A condition causing inflammation in blood vessels, often affecting young children.
Symptoms:
• High fever lasting more than five days
• Red eyes, lips, and tongue
• Swollen hands and feet
• Peeling skin
5. Vasculitis
A group of disorders causing inflammation in blood vessels, affecting blood flow to organs.
Symptoms:
• Fever, fatigue
• Rashes or skin sores
• Joint pain
• Organ-specific symptoms (e.g., kidney or lung problems)
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of most pediatric rheumatic diseases is unknown, but possible factors include:
• Genetics: A family history of autoimmune diseases may increase risk.
• Environmental triggers: Infections or exposure to certain toxins might play a role.
• Immune system dysfunction: The body mistakenly attacks its own tissues.
How Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases Affect Health?
If left untreated, these conditions can lead to:
• Chronic pain and disability
• Growth delays
• Organ damage (heart, kidneys, lungs)
• Vision problems (especially in JIA-related uveitis)
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to preventing long-term complications.
Diagnosis and Treatment Options
Diagnosis
A pediatric rheumatologist will conduct:
• Physical examination (checking joints, skin, and overall health)
• Blood tests (to detect inflammation markers or autoimmune antibodies)
• Imaging tests (X-rays, ultrasounds, or MRIs to assess joint damage)
Treatment Approaches
Treatment aims to reduce inflammation, manage pain, and prevent complications. Common options include:
1. Medications
• NSAIDs (for pain and inflammation)
• Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (to slow disease progression)
• Biologic therapies (target specific parts of the immune system)
• Corticosteroids (for severe inflammation)
2. Physical Therapy
• Helps maintain joint flexibility and muscle strength.
3. Lifestyle & Dietary Support
• Balanced diet (anti-inflammatory foods like fruits, vegetables, and omega-3s)
• Regular exercise (low-impact activities like swimming)
• Adequate rest (to manage fatigue)
4. Psychological Support
• Chronic illness can be emotionally challenging for children. Counselling or support groups can help.
When to See a Pediatric Rheumatologist?
Consult a specialist if your child has:
• Persistent joint pain or swelling
• Unexplained rashes or fevers
• Muscle weakness or fatigue
• Eye redness or vision changes
Early intervention can make a significant difference in managing symptoms and improving quality of life.
How Apollo24|7 Can Help?
If you suspect your child may have a rheumatic condition, Apollo24|7 offers:
• Expert consultations with pediatric rheumatologists
• Diagnostic tests (blood work, imaging)
• Personalised treatment plans
You can easily book an appointment or lab test through the Apollo24|7 app or website for timely care.
Conclusion
Pediatric rheumatic diseases can be challenging, but with the right care, children can lead active and fulfilling lives. If your child shows any concerning symptoms, don’t hesitate to seek medical advice. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are key to managing these conditions effectively.
Stay informed, stay proactive, and ensure your child gets the best possible care!
Consult Top Specialists
Consult Top Specialists
Dr. Aman Kumar
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29 Years • MBBS, MD
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(75+ Patients)
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Dr. Ramya Hari
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18 Years • Medical Head & Family Physician, DG Shipping Approved Doctor, Panel Physician - UK Visa Medicals
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Dr. Rama Narasimhan
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
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General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
13 Years • MD (Gen. Med. )
Chennai
Apollo Hospitals Greams Road, Chennai
(50+ Patients)
Consult Top Specialists
Dr. Aman Kumar
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
29 Years • MBBS, MD
Chennai
Apollo Hospitals Heart Centre Thousand Lights, Chennai
(75+ Patients)
Dr Rajashree Dhongade
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
9 Years • MD.Medicine,Fellowship in Critical Care Medicine (MUHS)
Nashik
Apollo Hospitals Nashik, Nashik
(25+ Patients)
Dr. Ramya Hari
General Practitioner
18 Years • Medical Head & Family Physician, DG Shipping Approved Doctor, Panel Physician - UK Visa Medicals
Chennai
Apollo Medical Centre Kotturpuram, Chennai
Dr. Rama Narasimhan
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
20 Years • MBBS, MD
Chennai
Apollo Hospitals Greams Road, Chennai
Dr. Hari Krishna
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
13 Years • MD (Gen. Med. )
Chennai
Apollo Hospitals Greams Road, Chennai
(50+ Patients)
