The Ultimate Guide to Acid Reflux, Heartburn, and GERD: Symptoms & Relief
Know about the acid reflux, heartburn, GERD, symptoms, treatment options and lifestyle modifications and more.
Written by Dr. Rohinipriyanka Pondugula
Reviewed by Dr. M L Ezhilarasan MBBS
Last updated on 17th Sep, 2025
Introduction
That familiar, uncomfortable burning sensation rising in your chest after a meal, heartburn, is an experience millions know all too well. But is it just a simple case of indigestion, or is it a sign of something more chronic, like acid reflux or GERD? Understanding the difference is the first step toward effective management and lasting relief. This comprehensive guide will demystify these common conditions, explore their symptoms and causes, and provide a clear roadmap for evidence-based treatment and lifestyle changes.
What’s the Difference? Heartburn vs. Acid Reflux vs. GERD
These terms are often used interchangeably, but they refer to distinct concepts. Understanding this hierarchy is key to knowing what you’re dealing with.
Understanding Heartburn: That Fiery Feeling
Heartburn is not a disease; it is a symptom. It's the specific sensation of burning pain or discomfort felt in the chest, often behind the breastbone, and can rise up toward the throat. It's caused by stomach acid irritating the lining of the oesophagus (the tube connecting your throat to your stomach). Think of heartburn as the pain you feel, much like a headache is a symptom of various possible causes.
Consult a Gastroenterologist for Personalised Advice
Acid Reflux: The Mechanism Behind the Burn
Acid reflux is the actual event or action that causes heartburn. It occurs when the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES)—a ring of muscle that acts as a valve between the oesophagus and stomach—relaxes inappropriately or weakens. This allows stomach acid to flow backwards (reflux) into the oesophagus. Everyone experiences occasional acid reflux, especially after a large or spicy meal.
GERD: When Acid Reflux Becomes Chronic
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is the chronic, more severe form of acid reflux. If you experience mild acid reflux symptoms at least twice a week or moderate-to-severe symptoms at least once a week, you may be diagnosed with GERD. It's a condition that requires management to prevent damage to the oesophagus over time. In short, heartburn is a symptom of acid reflux, and GERD is the disease diagnosis for frequent, problematic reflux.
Don't Ignore These Symptoms: More Than Just Heartburn
While the burning sensation is the hallmark sign, reflux can manifest in several ways.
Common Symptoms of Acid Reflux and GERD
- A burning sensation in your chest (heartburn), usually after eating, which might be worse at night or when lying down.
- Regurgitation of food or sour liquid (acidic taste in the back of the mouth).
- Chest pain (it's crucial to rule out heart-related issues, especially if the pain is severe).
- Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia).
- The sensation of a lump in your throat (globus sensation).
Atypical Symptoms: The Signs You Might Miss
- Sometimes, reflux presents as "silent" or atypical symptoms, which people may not connect to stomach acid. This is often called Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR).
- Chronic cough or hoarseness.
- New or worsening asthma.
- Sore throat without an infection.
- Excessive clearing of the throat.
- Erosion of tooth enamel.
Finding Relief: Treatment Options for Acid Reflux and GERD
Treatment is typically a stepped approach, starting with lifestyle modifications and moving to medication if needed.
Antacids: Quick Fire Extinguishers
(e.g., Tums, Rolaids, Mylanta) These provide fast, short-term relief by neutralising stomach acid. They are best for infrequent, mild symptoms.
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medications
For occasional relief, several effective OTC options are available.
H2 Blockers: Reducing Acid Production
(e.g., Pepcid AC, Zantac) These medicines reduce the amount of acid your stomach produces. They don't work as quickly as antacids, but they provide longer relief (several hours) and are good for preventing symptoms before a trigger meal.
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): For Stronger Suppression
(e.g., Prilosec OTC, Nexium 24HR) PPIs are the most potent acid blockers. They block acid production more effectively and for a longer duration than H2 blockers, allowing inflamed oesophagal tissue to heal. They are intended for a 14-day course and are suitable for more frequent symptoms.
Prescription-Strength Treatments
If your symptoms of acid reflux are not controlled by OTC medications, a doctor may prescribe stronger-dose H2 blockers or PPIs, or other medications like baclofen to strengthen the LES.
Surgical Procedures for Severe GERD
For those who don't respond to medication or wish to avoid long-term drug use, procedures like fundoplication (wrapping the top of the stomach around the LES to strengthen it) or implantable devices like the LINX® ring can be effective options.
Taming the Flame: Lifestyle and Home Remedies for Heartburn
Medication treats the symptom, but lifestyle changes address the cause. This is the cornerstone of long-term management.
The Acid Reflux Diet: What to Eat and Avoid
- Common Triggers (Avoid): Spicy foods, acidic foods (tomatoes, citrus), fatty or fried foods, chocolate, onions, garlic, mint, caffeine, and carbonated beverages.
- Better Choices (Enjoy): Lean proteins (chicken, fish), non-citrus fruits, vegetables, ginger, oatmeal, non-mint herbal tea, and alkaline foods like bananas and melons.
Smart Eating Habits to Prevent Symptoms
- Eat smaller, more frequent meals instead of three large ones.
- Avoid lying down for at least 2-3 hours after eating.
- Don't eat within 3 hours of going to bed.
The Power of Position
- Sleep Tips for Reflux Sufferers
Elevating the head of your bed by 6-8 inches using bed risers or a wedge pillow uses gravity to keep acid in the stomach, which is one of the most effective natural remedies for acid reflux at night.
When to See a Doctor: Don't Tough It Out?
While occasional heartburn is common, certain red flags warrant professional medical attention. If symptoms persist beyond two weeks despite OTC treatment, consult a doctor online with Apollo24|7 for further evaluation.
Seek immediate care if you experience:
- Chest pain accompanied by shortness of breath, jaw or arm pain (could be a heart attack).
- Difficulty swallowing or pain when swallowing.
- Persistent vomiting or vomiting blood.
- Unintentional weight loss.
- Black, tarry stools.
Conclusion
Living with the constant discomfort of acid reflux or GERD can significantly impact your daily life and well-being. However, as this guide has shown, these conditions are highly manageable. By understanding the underlying mechanisms, identifying your unique triggers, and implementing a combination of strategic lifestyle changes and appropriate medications, you can effectively control your symptoms and prevent long-term complications. Remember, the journey to relief is personal; what works for one person may not work for another. Be patient, keep a symptom diary to track your progress, and most importantly, don't hesitate to seek professional guidance.
Consult a Gastroenterologist for Personalised Advice
Consult a Gastroenterologist for Personalised Advice
Dr. Amit Pandita
Gastroenterology/gi Medicine Specialist
10 Years • MBBS. MD (INTERNAL MEDICINE) DrNB (GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY)
Delhi
Apollo Hospitals Indraprastha, Delhi
Dr Piyush Vishwakarma
Gastroenterology/gi Medicine Specialist
11 Years • MBBS, MD, DrNB,
Delhi
Apollo Hospitals Indraprastha, Delhi
Dr. Sunil Kaul
General Surgeon
30 Years • MBBS, MS, FICS, FIMSA, FMAS
Delhi
Apollo Hospitals Indraprastha, Delhi
(25+ Patients)
Dr. Ankit Vijay Agarwal
Gastroenterology/gi Medicine Specialist
14 Years • MBBS(Osmania), DNB(Internal Medicine ), DM ( Osmania) Consultant Gastroenterologist, Hepatologist and Advanced Therapeutic Endoscopist
Hyderabad
Apollo Hospitals Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad
Dr Sravani Kuppam
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
12 Years • MBBS DNB General Medicine, CCDM (Diabetes)
Bengaluru
Apollo Medical Center, Marathahalli, Bengaluru
Consult a Gastroenterologist for Personalised Advice
Dr. Amit Pandita
Gastroenterology/gi Medicine Specialist
10 Years • MBBS. MD (INTERNAL MEDICINE) DrNB (GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY)
Delhi
Apollo Hospitals Indraprastha, Delhi
Dr Piyush Vishwakarma
Gastroenterology/gi Medicine Specialist
11 Years • MBBS, MD, DrNB,
Delhi
Apollo Hospitals Indraprastha, Delhi
Dr. Sunil Kaul
General Surgeon
30 Years • MBBS, MS, FICS, FIMSA, FMAS
Delhi
Apollo Hospitals Indraprastha, Delhi
(25+ Patients)
Dr. Ankit Vijay Agarwal
Gastroenterology/gi Medicine Specialist
14 Years • MBBS(Osmania), DNB(Internal Medicine ), DM ( Osmania) Consultant Gastroenterologist, Hepatologist and Advanced Therapeutic Endoscopist
Hyderabad
Apollo Hospitals Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad
Dr Sravani Kuppam
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
12 Years • MBBS DNB General Medicine, CCDM (Diabetes)
Bengaluru
Apollo Medical Center, Marathahalli, Bengaluru
Frequently Asked Questions
Can drinking water help with acid reflux?
Yes, drinking water can help by briefly diluting and washing stomach acid back down from the esophagus. However, drinking large amounts during a meal may worsen reflux by increasing stomach volume.
What is the best natural remedy for instant heartburn relief?
While not instant for everyone, a teaspoon of baking soda mixed in a glass of water can neutralise stomach acid similarly to an antacid. However, it's high in sodium and should be used sparingly. Chewing sugar-free gum to stimulate saliva production (which neutralizes acid) is another quick, simple option.
Is yoghurt good for acid reflux?
Plain, non-fat yoghurt can be a good choice for many. It is a probiotic food that may support gut health and is generally non-acidic. Avoid high-fat or sugary flavoured yoghurts, as fat and sugar can be triggers.
How is GERD diagnosed?
Doctors often diagnose GERD based on symptoms. If symptoms are severe or don't respond to treatment, they may recommend an endoscopy (to view the esophagus), a pH monitoring test (to measure acid exposure), or an esophageal manometry (to measure muscle contractions).
Can acid reflux cause shortness of breath?
Yes, in a condition known as laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), acid can irritate the throat and vocal cords, triggering a reflex that causes the airways to constrict, leading to shortness of breath or wheezing, which can mimic asthma.