Hepatitis B: Causes and Risk Factors
Learn about the causes and major risk factors of hepatitis B, including transmission methods, vulnerable populations, and ways to reduce your risk of infection.
Hepatitis B: Causes and Risk Factors
Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). It can range from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, long-term condition that may lead to liver damage, cirrhosis, or even liver cancer. Understanding the causes and risk factors can help you take steps to prevent infection and protect your health.
What Causes Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), which attacks the liver. The virus spreads through contact with infected blood or other body fluids. Unlike some other viruses, HBV can survive outside the body for up to 7 days, making it highly contagious.
How Does Hepatitis B Spread?
The virus spreads in several ways:
1. Mother to Child (Perinatal Transmission): An infected mother can pass HBV to her baby during childbirth.
2. Unprotected Sex: Having unprotected sex with an infected person can transmit the virus.
3. Sharing Needles or Syringes: Using contaminated needles (drug use, tattoos, or medical procedures) increases the risk.
4. Sharing Personal Items: Razors, toothbrushes, or nail clippers with traces of infected blood can spread HBV.
5. Healthcare Exposure: Accidental needle sticks or improper sterilisation of medical/dental tools can transmit the virus.
6. Blood Transfusions or Organ Transplants: Though rare today due to strict screening, it was a risk in the past.
Important Note: Hepatitis B does not spread through casual contact like hugging, kissing, sharing food, or coughing/sneezing.
Who Is at Risk?
Certain groups of people have a higher risk of getting infected with Hepatitis B:
- Infants born to infected mothers: The virus can pass during delivery.
- People with multiple sexual partners: Unprotected sex increases exposure.
- Men who have sex with men (MSM): Higher risk due to sexual transmission.
- Healthcare workers: Exposure to blood and needles raises the risk.
- People who inject drugs: Sharing needles is a major cause of HBV spread.
- People living with someone who has HBV: Close contact increases exposure risk.
- Travellers to high-risk regions: Areas like Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe have higher HBV rates.
- People with chronic liver disease or HIV: Weakened immunity makes them more vulnerable.
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How Does Hepatitis B Affect Your Health?
Hepatitis B can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).
- Acute Hepatitis B: Lasts a few weeks to months. Many people recover fully, but some develop chronic infection.
- Chronic Hepatitis B: Lasts a lifetime and can lead to severe liver damage, cirrhosis, or liver cancer.
Symptoms may include:
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea/vomiting
- Dark urine
- Jaundice (yellowing of skin/eyes)
- Abdominal pain
Some people, especially children, may have no symptoms but still carry the virus, unknowingly spreading it.
How to Reduce Your Risk?
1. Get Vaccinated
- The Hepatitis B vaccine is the best way to prevent infection. It is safe and highly effective, given in 3 doses over 6 months.
2. Practice Safe Sex
- Use condoms to reduce the risk of sexual transmission.
3. Avoid Sharing Needles or Personal Items
- Never share needles, razors, or toothbrushes. Ensure tattoos/piercings are done with sterilised equipment.
4. Get Tested if at Risk
- If you fall into a high-risk group, get tested for HBV. Early detection helps in managing the infection.
5. Pregnant Women Should Get Screened
- Testing during pregnancy can prevent transmission to the baby.
When to See a Doctor?
If you suspect exposure to HBV or experience symptoms, consult a doctor immediately. Blood tests can confirm the infection. You can book a Hepatitis B test or vaccination through Apollo 24|7 for quick and reliable results.
Conclusion
Hepatitis B is preventable and manageable with the right precautions. Knowing the causes and risks helps you take control of your health. If you’re at risk, get vaccinated, practice safe habits, and get tested to stay protected.
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Consult Top Specialists
Dr. Mohammed Huzef Ul Arifeen
General Practitioner
3 Years • MBBS
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Dr. Ramya Hari
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Dr. Indrajit Das
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
4 Years • "MD (Internal medicine) : Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati (2018-2021) MD (Pathology) : Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati (2012-2015) MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) : Silchar Medical College, Assam (2003-2008) "
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Dr. Ajay K Sinha
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30 Years • MD, Internal Medicine
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Dr. Hariprasath J
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19 Years • MD (Gen Med), FCCP, Dip (Diabetology, UK)
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