Hypospadias Overview: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
Hypospadias is a common birth condition in boys where the urethral opening is misplaced. Learn its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Written by Dr. Rohinipriyanka Pondugula
Reviewed by Dr. Shaik Abdul Kalam MD (Physician)
Last updated on 21st Aug, 2025
Hypospadias is a congenital (present at birth) condition that affects baby boys, where the opening of the urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body) is not at the tip of the penis but somewhere along the underside. While this condition may sound concerning, it is relatively common and treatable with medical care.
If your child has been diagnosed with hypospadias or if you suspect it, don’t worry, you’re not alone. Many parents have questions about what this means for their child’s health and future. This article will help you understand hypospadias, its symptoms, causes, and available treatments in simple terms.
What is Hypospadias?
Hypospadias occurs when the urethral opening does not fully develop to the tip of the penis during pregnancy. Instead, the opening may be located:
- Near the head of the penis (mild form).
- Along the shaft (moderate form).
- Near the scrotum or perineum (severe form).
In some cases, the penis may also curve downward (called chordee), making urination or later sexual function difficult if left untreated.
Symptoms of Hypospadias
The most obvious sign of hypospadias is the misplaced urethral opening. Other symptoms may include:
- Abnormal urine stream – The urine may spray in different directions instead of a straight stream.
- Curved penis (chordee) – The penis may bend downward, especially during an erection.
- Foreskin issues – The foreskin may not fully cover the head of the penis, appearing incomplete or "hooded."
- Difficulty standing to urinate – Boys with hypospadias may need to sit to pee if the opening is too far back.
Most cases are detected at birth during a physical examination.
What Causes Hypospadias?
The exact cause of hypospadias is not always clear, but several factors may contribute:
- Genetics – A family history of hypospadias increases the risk.
- Hormonal imbalances – Insufficient testosterone during fetal development can affect urethral formation.
- Environmental factors – Exposure to certain chemicals or medications during pregnancy (e.g., hormone-disrupting substances) may play a role.
- Maternal age and health – Older mothers or those with fertility treatments may have a slightly higher risk.
While some risk factors cannot be controlled, early diagnosis and treatment can help manage the condition effectively.
How is Hypospadias Diagnosed?
Hypospadias is usually identified at birth during a newborn exam. If not detected early, parents may notice unusual urination patterns or penile curvature as the child grows.
A pediatric urologist (a doctor specializing in urinary and genital conditions in children) will confirm the diagnosis and determine the severity. In rare cases, imaging tests may be needed to check for other related conditions.
Treatment Options for Hypospadias
The main treatment for hypospadias is surgery, which is usually performed between 6 months and 2 years of age. The goals of surgery are:
- Repositioning the urethral opening to the tip of the penis.
- Straightening the penis if there is curvature (chordee).
- Improving appearance and function for normal urination and future sexual health.
Types of Surgery:
- Mild cases – A single procedure may be enough to move the urethral opening.
- Moderate to severe cases – May require tissue grafts or multiple surgeries.
Most children recover well, with minimal complications. After surgery, they can urinate normally and have a typical-looking penis.
Post-Surgery Care and Recovery
After surgery, your child may need:
- A catheter (a small tube to help urine pass) for a few days.
- Pain management with prescribed medications.
- Avoiding strenuous activities until fully healed.
- Follow-up visits to monitor healing and function.
Most children recover fully within a few weeks, with excellent long-term results.
When to See a Doctor
If you notice any of the following in your child, consult a pediatric urologist:
- Abnormal urine stream.
- Penile curvature.
- Undescended testicles (sometimes seen with hypospadias).
Early treatment ensures better outcomes and prevents complications like infections or difficulties with urination later in life.
Can Hypospadias Be Prevented?
Since the exact cause is unknown, prevention is not always possible. However, pregnant women can take these steps to reduce risks:
- Avoid exposure to harmful chemicals.
- Follow a healthy diet and prenatal care.
- Discuss any hormone-related medications with a doctor.
Need Help?
If you have concerns about hypospadias or want to consult a specialist, you can book an appointment with a pediatric urologist through Apollo 24|7. Early diagnosis and treatment make all the difference!
Final Thoughts
Hypospadias is a treatable condition, and with proper medical care, children grow up to lead healthy, normal lives. If you suspect your child has hypospadias, don’t hesitate to seek medical advice. Early intervention ensures the best possible outcome.
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