Guide to Monkeypox Virus 2024
Stay informed with our guide to the Monkeypox virus 2024. Learn about its symptoms, transmission, prevention, and treatment options for better protection.
Written by Dr. Shaik Abdul Kalam
Reviewed by Dr. D Bhanu Prakash MBBS, AFIH, Advanced certificate in critical care medicine, Fellowship in critical care medicine
Last updated on 8th Sep, 2025
Introduction
Monkeypox, now also known as Mpox, captured global attention in 2022 during a widespread outbreak that differed from its historical patterns. While the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the public health emergency over, the monkeypox virus continues to circulate, making awareness crucial. This infectious disease, caused by a virus similar to smallpox, presents with a distinctive rash and flu-like symptoms. However, the recent outbreak showed that transmission often occurs through close, intimate contact, and symptoms can sometimes be milder or confined to specific areas. Understanding how this virus spreads, how to recognize its signs, and knowing the latest on prevention and monkeypox treatment is key to protecting yourself and your community. This guide will break down everything you need to know about monkeypox in 2024, from the first signs of infection to the effectiveness of vaccines, empowering you with practical and actionable health information.
What is the Monkeypox Virus?
The monkeypox virus is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes the variola virus (which causes smallpox) and the vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine). It was first discovered in 1958 in colonies of research monkeys, hence the name. The first human case was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Mpox: A Renaming for Clarity and Reduction of Stigma
In November 2022, the WHO began promoting the preferred term "Mpox" as a synonym for monkeypox. This change was initiated to address concerns about the name "monkeypox" being stigmatizing and potentially triggering racist and discriminatory language, especially following the 2022 global outbreak. Both terms are currently used interchangeably in public health communications.
The 2022 Global Outbreak: A New Pattern Emerges
Historically, human monkeypox cases were primarily linked to animal contact in certain regions of Africa, with limited human-to-human spread. The 2022 outbreak was fundamentally different. It spread rapidly through networks of people in many non-endemic countries, primarily through sustained close physical contact, including sexual contact. This outbreak highlighted that the virus could efficiently transmit between people and present with symptoms not always seen in previous cases, such as rashes localized to the genital or anal areas.
How Does Monkeypox Spread? Understanding Transmission
Knowing how the monkeypox virus transmits is the first step in prevention. The primary driver of the recent outbreak has been close personal contact.
Primary Transmission: Close Contact is Key
The virus spreads through:
- Direct contact with the infectious rash, scabs, or body fluids. This is the most common mode of transmission.
- Respiratory secretions during prolonged, face-to-face contact (e.g., kissing, cuddling) or intimate physical contact like sex.
- Pregnant people can spread the virus to their fetus through the placenta.
Can Monkeypox Be Airborne?
While the virus can be present in respiratory droplets, it is not considered a classic airborne virus like measles or tuberculosis. Transmission typically requires sustained close contact, not merely sharing a room with someone for a short period.
Surface Contamination and Zoonotic Spread
- Indirect Contact: It is possible to get monkeypox by touching items (like clothing, bedding, or towels) that previously touched the infectious rash or body fluids of a person with monkeypox. This is known as fomite transmission.
- Animal-to-Human (Zoonotic): People can also get monkeypox from infected animals, either through a bite or scratch, or by preparing or eating meat from an infected animal. This remains the primary transmission route in endemic countries.
Consult a General Physician for the best advice
Recognizing the Signs: Monkeypox Symptoms
The incubation period from infection to symptoms is typically 1-2 weeks but can range from 5-21 days. The illness often progresses in two phases.
The Two-Phase Illness: Prodrome and Rash
1. Prodrome Phase (First 1-3 days): This initial phase features flu-like symptoms, which may include:
- Fever
- Intense headache
- Muscle aches and backache
- Swollen lymph nodes (a key feature that distinguishes it from smallpox)
- Chills and exhaustion
2. Rash Phase: The rash usually begins within 1-3 days after the fever starts. Lesions can number from a few to thousands and go through specific stages before falling off.
The Monkeypox Rash: A Visual Progression
The monkeypox rash stages are distinct and follow a predictable pattern, though the entire body may not be affected simultaneously.
- Stage 1: Macules - Flat, discoloured lesions appear.
- Stage 2: Papules - The lesions become raised and firm.
- Stage 3: Vesicles - Lesions fill with clear fluid.
- Stage 4: Pustules - The fluid turns pus-like and the lesions become sharply raised, often with a dot in the center (umbilication).
- Stage 5: Scabs - The pustules crust over, form scabs, and eventually fall off. A new layer of skin forms underneath. The person remains contagious until all scabs have fallen off.
Atypical Presentations in the Recent Outbreak
Many cases in the 2022 outbreak did not follow this classic pattern. Some people experienced:
- Rash that began in the genital or anal area, without spreading further.
- Rash that did not progress through all stages uniformly.
- No prodrome symptoms (no fever or flu-like feelings) before the rash appeared.
- Symptoms limited to a single lesion.
How is Monkeypox Diagnosed?
If you suspect you have been exposed or are showing signs of monkeypox, it is critical to seek medical advice. Due to its similarity to other rashes (like chickenpox or syphilis), a clinical test is necessary for confirmation.
The Role of PCR Testing
The preferred diagnostic test is a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. A healthcare provider will vigorously swab one or more lesions (from the roof of a lesion, if possible) to collect viral DNA. This test is highly accurate and can identify the specific orthopoxvirus.
When to Seek a Medical Evaluation
You should consult a healthcare provider if:
- You develop a new, unexplained rash anywhere on your body.
- You have had close contact with someone who has a confirmed or suspected monkeypox infection.
- You have traveled to a region with reported monkeypox cases in the month before symptoms appeared.
If your symptoms are mild but you are uncertain, you can consult a doctor online with Apollo24|7 for an initial evaluation and to determine if an in-person visit for testing is needed.
Monkeypox Treatment and Home Care
Most cases of monkeypox are mild and resolve on their own within 2-4 weeks without specific medical treatment. The focus is on managing symptoms and preventing the spread.
Supportive Care: Managing Symptoms at Home
- Isolation: Isolate in a separate room and use a separate bathroom from other household members until all scabs have fallen off.
- Rash Care: Keep the rash clean, dry, and uncovered. Avoid scratching to prevent secondary bacterial infections and scarring.
- Pain and Fever Management: Use over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen to manage fever, headache, and body aches.
- Oral Care: For mouth sores, use saltwater rinses to keep the area clean.
- Hydration: Drink plenty of fluids and eat well to support your body’s recovery.
Antiviral Medications: For Severe Cases
For individuals with severe disease or those at high risk for complications (e.g., immunocompromised individuals, those with severe skin conditions), antiviral drugs may be used. Tecovirimat (TPOXX) is an antiviral approved for the treatment of smallpox that is also made available for monkeypox treatment under special protocols. Its use is typically restricted to hospital settings or under the close guidance of an infectious disease specialist.
Preventing Monkeypox: Vaccines and Safety Measures
Prevention combines vaccination, which can be used both before and after exposure, and practical behavioral strategies.
The JYNNEOS Vaccine: Efficacy and Availability
The JYNNEOS vaccine is a two-dose vaccine approved for the prevention of both smallpox and monkeypox. It is the primary vaccine used in the U.S. and other countries during the outbreak.
- Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): Recommended for individuals at ongoing risk of exposure (e.g., some laboratory workers, some healthcare workers).
- Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): Given after a known or presumed exposure to help prevent disease or make it less severe. It is most effective when administered within 4 days of exposure, but can still be given up to 14 days after to reduce symptom severity.
- To find out about vaccine availability and eligibility, check with your local health department or clinic.
Practical Prevention Strategies in Daily Life
- Avoid close, skin-to-skin contact with people who have a rash that looks like monkeypox.
- Do not share utensils, cups, bedding, or towels with a person who has monkeypox.
- Wash your hands often with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitiser.
In contexts where monkeypox transmission is a concern, open communication with sexual partners about any recent symptoms is advised.
Conclusion
While the intense global emergency around the monkeypox virus has subsided, it remains a public health presence that requires our awareness. Understanding its modes of transmission through surfaces and close contact, recognizing the sometimes-atypical symptoms, and knowing the steps for prevention are our best defenses. The development and deployment of effective vaccines like JYNNEOS have provided a powerful tool to control outbreaks and protect vulnerable communities. If you develop an unexplained rash, especially after a potential exposure, it is crucial not to panic but to take responsible action. Isolate yourself and seek medical guidance promptly for an accurate diagnosis. Remember, most cases are mild and self-limiting with proper supportive care. Staying informed with current guidelines from trusted sources like the CDC and WHO ensures you have the most accurate information. By combining knowledge with practical precautions, we can effectively manage personal risk and contribute to broader public health efforts to control this virus.
Consult a General Physician for the best advice
Consult a General Physician for the best advice
Dr. Rajib Ghose
General Practitioner
25 Years • MBBS
East Midnapore
VIVEKANANDA SEBA SADAN, East Midnapore
Dr. Mohamed Azeem
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
2 Years • MBBS,MD(Internal Medicine) CCEBDM
Karaikudi
Apollo Hospitals Karaikudi, Karaikudi
Dr. Nirmal Mathew Alex
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
17 Years • MBBS, MD(general medicine)
Angamaly
Apollo Hospitals Karukutty, Angamaly
(50+ Patients)
Dr. Thirupathy K S
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
11 Years • MD
Karaikudi
Apollo Hospitals Karaikudi, Karaikudi
(75+ Patients)
Dr. Geralyn Pamila Aloysious
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
17 Years • MBBS, MRCP (Physician)
Bengaluru
WellnessVibes Multispeciality Clinic, Bengaluru
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can you die from monkeypox?
While monkeypox is usually not fatal, severe cases can occur. The strain involved in the 2022 outbreak has a very low case fatality ratio (less than 1%). Those with weakened immune systems, young children, and individuals with severe skin conditions may be at higher risk for complications.
How long is monkeypox contagious?
A person with monkeypox can spread the virus from the time their symptoms start until the rash has fully healed and a fresh layer of skin has formed. This typically takes 2-4 weeks. Isolation should continue for the entire period to prevent monkeypox transmission.
Is monkeypox an STI (Sexually Transmitted Infection)?
While monkeypox can spread during intimate and sexual contact due to the skin-to-skin proximity, it is not classified as a traditional STI. It can spread through any form of close personal contact, not exclusively sexual activity. However, the primary mode of spread in the recent outbreak was through sexual networks.
Can I get monkeypox from a swimming pool?
There is no evidence that the virus can spread through water in pools, hot tubs, or splash pads that are properly treated with chlorine. However, it could potentially spread through shared towels or close contact with an infected person in the water.
Does the smallpox vaccine protect against monkeypox?
Yes, previous vaccination against smallpox has been shown to provide some cross-protection against monkeypox. However, immunity may have waned over time for those vaccinated decades ago. The JYNNEOS vaccine is a modern alternative specifically developed for broader protection.