Acute Leukaemia Overview of Symptoms and Treatment
Know about the acute leukaemia, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options. Learn if it can be prevented and more.
Written by Dr. J T Hema Pratima
Reviewed by Dr. Shaik Abdul Kalam MD (Physician)
Last updated on 29th Aug, 2025
Introduction
Leukaemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, where blood cells are produced. Acute Leukaemia progresses rapidly and requires prompt medical attention. If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with this condition, it’s natural to feel overwhelmed. This article will help you understand the basics—what acute leukaemia is, its symptoms, causes, and available treatments—so you can take informed steps toward managing it.
What is Acute Leukaemia?
Acute Leukaemia is a fast-growing cancer of the white blood cells. Unlike chronic leukaemia, which progresses slowly, acute leukaemia develops quickly and needs immediate treatment. There are two main types:
1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) – Affects lymphoid cells (a type of white blood cell) and is more common in children.
2. Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) – Affects myeloid cells and is more common in adults.
In both types, abnormal white blood cells multiply uncontrollably, crowding out healthy blood cells and impairing normal blood function.
Consult a General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
Common Symptoms of Acute Leukaemia
Since acute leukaemia progresses rapidly, symptoms can appear suddenly.
Some common signs include:
• Fatigue and weakness (due to low red blood cells)
• Frequent infections (due to weakened immunity)
• Easy bruising or bleeding (due to low platelets)
• Pale skin (sign of anaemia)
• Bone or joint pain
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Fever or night sweats
• Shortness of breath
If you notice these symptoms persist, consult a doctor immediately. Early diagnosis improves treatment outcomes.
What Causes Acute Leukaemia?
The exact cause is not always clear, but certain risk factors may increase the chances of developing it:
• Genetic mutations – Changes in DNA can trigger abnormal cell growth.
• Exposure to radiation or chemicals, Such as benzene (found in some industrial settings).
• Previous cancer treatments – Chemotherapy or radiation for other cancers may increase risk.
• Genetic disorders – Like Down syndrome.
• Family history – Though rare, some cases may run in families.
However, many people with acute leukaemia have no known risk factors.
How is Acute Leukaemia Diagnosed?
If your doctor suspects leukaemia, they may recommend:
1. Blood tests – To check for abnormal white blood cell counts.
2. Bone marrow biopsy – A small sample is taken from the bone marrow to confirm leukaemia.
3. Imaging tests – Like CT scans to check for organ involvement.
4. Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) – To see if leukaemia has spread to the nervous system.
Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment.
Treatment Options for Acute Leukaemia
Treatment depends on the type of leukaemia, age, and overall health. Common approaches include:
1. Chemotherapy
• The primary treatment, using strong drugs to kill cancer cells. It is usually given in cycles to allow the body to recover.
2. Targeted Therapy
• Drugs that specifically attack cancer cells without harming normal cells.
3. Radiation Therapy
• Used in some cases to destroy leukaemia cells or prepare for a stem cell transplant.
4. Stem Cell Transplant (Bone Marrow Transplant)
• Replaces diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells from a donor. This is often used after chemotherapy.
5. Immunotherapy
• Boosts the immune system to fight cancer cells.
Your doctor will create a personalised treatment plan based on your condition.
Lifestyle and Supportive Care Tips
While medical treatment is essential, certain lifestyle changes can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life:
• Eat a balanced diet – Focus on protein, fruits, and vegetables to support immunity.
• Stay hydrated – Helps flush out toxins from chemotherapy.
• Practice good hygiene – Wash hands frequently to prevent infections.
• Get enough rest – Fatigue is common, so listen to your body.
• Join a support group – Emotional support from others facing similar challenges can be very helpful.
When to Seek Medical Help?
If you experience:
• Persistent fever or infections
• Unexplained weight loss
• Severe fatigue
• Uncontrolled bleeding
Consult a doctor immediately. Early intervention can make a significant difference.
Can Acute Leukaemia Be Prevented?
Since the exact cause is often unknown, prevention isn’t always possible. However, avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals and radiation may reduce risk.
Final Thoughts
Acute leukaemia is a serious condition, but advances in medicine have improved survival rates significantly. Early detection and proper treatment can lead to remission and a better quality of life.
Consult a General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
Consult a General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
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Consult a General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
Dr Suseela
General Physician
5 Years • MBBS
Bengaluru
Apollo Medical Center, Marathahalli, Bengaluru
Dr. Gaddam Manoj
General Practitioner
1 Years • MBBS
Hyderabad
Aaradhya clinic, Hyderabad
Dr. Dixant Chhikara
General Practitioner
4 Years • MBBS
Delhi
SKYNN CARE, Delhi
Dr. Bulbul Biswas
General Practitioner
35 Years • MBBS, Diploma in Maternity and child welfare
Kolkata
HERSTEL CARE CLINIC, Kolkata
Dr. Vandana Malik
General Practitioner
8 Years • MBBS, FAM
Noida
Skinlogics Clinic, Noida
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