Understanding Stockholm Syndrome and Its Aspects
Know what Stockholm syndrome is, why it happens, causes, symptoms, etc. Learn how it affects you and how to overcome it.
Written by Dr. J T Hema Pratima
Reviewed by Dr. Rohinipriyanka Pondugula MBBS
Last updated on 13th Jan, 2026
Introduction
Have you ever heard of a situation where a hostage begins to feel sympathy or even affection for their captor? This psychological response is known as Stockholm Syndrome. It might sound strange, but it’s a real condition that affects some people in high-stress, traumatic situations.
In this article, we’ll explore what Stockholm Syndrome is, its causes, symptoms, and management strategies. If you or someone you know has experienced this, remember—you’re not alone, and help is available.
What Is Stockholm Syndrome?
Stockholm Syndrome is a psychological response where a person who is abused, kidnapped, or held captive develops positive feelings—such as trust, affection, or even love—toward their abuser. The term comes from a 1973 bank robbery in Stockholm, Sweden, where hostages defended their captors after being released.
This condition is not officially classified as a mental disorder but is recognised as a coping mechanism in extreme situations.
Consult a General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
Why Does Stockholm Syndrome Happen?
Experts believe Stockholm Syndrome develops as a survival strategy. When a person is in a terrifying situation with no escape, forming a bond with the captor may feel like the only way to stay safe. Some key reasons include:
1. Perceived Threat to Survival – The victim believes their life is in danger and depends on the captor’s mercy.
2. Isolation from Others – Being cut off from outside perspectives makes the victim rely more on the abuser.
3. Small Acts of Kindness – If the captor shows occasional kindness (like providing food or not harming them), the victim may see them as a protector.
4. Hopelessness – When escape seems impossible, the victim may start identifying with the captor to cope.
Who Is at Risk?
While Stockholm Syndrome is often linked to hostage situations, it can also occur in:
- Abusive relationships (emotional, physical, or domestic abuse)
- Child abuse cases (when a child depends on an abusive caregiver)
- Human trafficking victims
- Cult members (where leaders control followers)
Signs and Symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome
People with Stockholm Syndrome may show:
- Positive feelings toward the abuser (defending them, making excuses for their actions)
- Negative feelings toward authorities (distrusting police or rescuers)
- Believing the abuser’s perspective (justifying their behaviour)
- Difficulty leaving the situation (feeling attached despite the harm)
- Trauma bonding (an emotional connection formed through cycles of abuse and kindness)
How Does It Affect Mental Health?
Stockholm Syndrome can lead to long-term psychological effects, including:
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – Flashbacks, anxiety, and nightmares
- Depression and guilt – Feeling ashamed for having positive feelings toward the abuser
- Low self-esteem – Believing they deserved the abuse
- Difficulty forming healthy relationships – Struggling with trust and boundaries
How to Overcome Stockholm Syndrome?
Recovery is possible with the right support. Here are some steps that can help:
1. Recognise the Situation
- Acknowledging that the bond with the abuser is not real love but a survival response is the first step toward healing.
2. Seek Professional Help
Therapists, especially those specialising in trauma and abuse, can help victims process their emotions and rebuild self-worth.
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) – Helps change negative thought patterns.
- Trauma Therapy – Addresses deep emotional wounds.
3. Build a Support System
- Connecting with friends, family, or support groups can provide emotional safety and validation.
4. Educate Yourself
- Understanding psychological manipulation (like gaslighting or coercive control) helps prevent falling into similar situations again.
5. Practice Self-Care
- Engaging in activities that promote mental well-being, like meditation, journaling, or hobbies, can help regain confidence.
When to Seek Professional Help?
If you or someone you know is struggling with the effects of Stockholm Syndrome, consider reaching out to a mental health professional. Therapy can provide tools for healing and breaking free from trauma bonds.
Final Thoughts
Stockholm Syndrome is a complex psychological response to trauma, but recovery is possible. Understanding why it happens and seeking professional support can help victims regain control of their lives. If you recognise these signs in yourself or someone else, remember there is no shame in asking for help. Healing begins with compassion, both from others and yourself.
Consult a General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
Consult a General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
Dr. Mainak Baksi
General Practitioner
13 Years • MBBS , MD (MPH)
Howrah
Mainak Baksi Clinic, Howrah
(50+ Patients)
Dr. Rajib Ghose
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
25 Years • MBBS
East Midnapore
VIVEKANANDA SEBA SADAN, East Midnapore
Dr. Imtiyaz Khan
General Practitioner
6 Years • MD (Physician), Fellowship in Critical Care,AFIH
Bengaluru
Apollo Clinic, Sarjapur Road, Bengaluru
Dr. Ashita Kuruvilla
General Practitioner
7 Years • MBBS
Kolkata
KVC CLINIC, Kolkata
Dr. Debdatta Pati
Psychiatrist
18 Years • MBBS, DPM, MD (PSYCHIATRY)
Kolkata
MCR SUPER SPECIALITY POLY CLINIC & PATHOLOGY, Kolkata
Consult a General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
Dr. Mainak Baksi
General Practitioner
13 Years • MBBS , MD (MPH)
Howrah
Mainak Baksi Clinic, Howrah
(50+ Patients)
Dr. Rajib Ghose
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
25 Years • MBBS
East Midnapore
VIVEKANANDA SEBA SADAN, East Midnapore
Dr. Imtiyaz Khan
General Practitioner
6 Years • MD (Physician), Fellowship in Critical Care,AFIH
Bengaluru
Apollo Clinic, Sarjapur Road, Bengaluru
Dr. Ashita Kuruvilla
General Practitioner
7 Years • MBBS
Kolkata
KVC CLINIC, Kolkata
Dr. Debdatta Pati
Psychiatrist
18 Years • MBBS, DPM, MD (PSYCHIATRY)
Kolkata
MCR SUPER SPECIALITY POLY CLINIC & PATHOLOGY, Kolkata
