Muscular Dystrophy Overview: Symptoms and Treatment
Muscular dystrophy is a group of genetic disorders that cause progressive muscle weakness. Learn about its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment options, and lifestyle tips for better management.
Written by Dr. Rohinipriyanka Pondugula
Reviewed by Dr. D Bhanu Prakash MBBS, AFIH, Advanced certificate in critical care medicine, Fellowship in critical care medicine
Last updated on 2nd Sep, 2025
Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of genetic disorders that cause progressive muscle weakness and loss of muscle mass. It affects people of all ages, but symptoms often appear in childhood. While there is no cure yet, early diagnosis and proper care can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
In this article, we’ll discuss:
What muscular dystrophy is
Common symptoms
- Causes and risk factors
- Available treatments
- Lifestyle tips for managing MD
What Is Muscular Dystrophy?
Muscular dystrophy refers to a group of over 30 inherited diseases that damage and weaken muscles over time. The condition occurs due to genetic mutations that interfere with the production of proteins needed for healthy muscle function.
Some common types of MD include:
- Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD): Most common in boys, symptoms start in early childhood.
- Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD): Similar to DMD but progresses more slowly.
- Myotonic Dystrophy: Affects adults, causing prolonged muscle stiffness.
- Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD): Weakness begins in the face, shoulders, and arms.
- Each type progresses differently, but all lead to increasing muscle weakness and mobility challenges.
Symptoms of Muscular Dystrophy
Symptoms vary depending on the type of MD, but common signs include:
- Early Signs (Childhood-Onset MD, like Duchenne MD)
- Frequent falls
- Difficulty running or jumping
- Walking on toes (toe-walking)
- Large calf muscles (due to muscle tissue being replaced by fat)
- Learning delays (in some cases)
- Symptoms in Later Stages
- Progressive muscle weakness (arms, legs, and trunk)
- Trouble climbing stairs or standing up from sitting
- Muscle stiffness or pain
- Breathing difficulties (if chest muscles weaken)
- Heart problems (due to weakened heart muscles)
If you or your child experience persistent muscle weakness, consult a doctor for evaluation.
Causes and Risk Factors
Muscular dystrophy is caused by genetic mutations that prevent the body from producing essential muscle proteins (like dystrophin in DMD). These mutations can be:
- Inherited – Passed from parents to children.
- Spontaneous – Occurring without family history.
Who Is at Risk?
- Family history of MD – Having a relative with MD increases risk.
- Gender – Some types (like DMD) mostly affect males.
- Age – Symptoms may appear in childhood or adulthood, depending on the type.
- Genetic testing can help identify risks before symptoms appear.
Diagnosis and Treatment Options
How Is MD Diagnosed?
- Doctors use several tests to confirm muscular dystrophy:
- Blood tests – Check for muscle enzymes (like creatine kinase).
- Genetic testing – Identifies gene mutations.
- Muscle biopsy – Examines muscle tissue under a microscope.
- Electromyography (EMG) – Measures muscle electrical activity.
- MRI or ultrasound – Assesses muscle damage.
- Early diagnosis helps in managing symptoms effectively.
Member priceTreatment and Management
While there’s no cure yet, treatments focus on slowing progression and improving quality of life:
#1. Medications
- Corticosteroids (like prednisone) – Help slow muscle degeneration.
- Heart medications – If MD affects heart function.
- Pain relievers – For muscle stiffness and discomfort.
#2. Physical Therapy
- Strengthens muscles and maintains flexibility.
- Prevents joint stiffness through stretching exercises.
#3. Mobility Aids
Braces, walkers, or wheelchairs help with movement as weakness progresses.
#4. Breathing Support
If respiratory muscles weaken, devices like ventilators may be needed.
#5. Emerging Treatments
- Gene therapy – Experimental treatments aim to replace faulty genes.
- Stem cell therapy – Research is ongoing to repair damaged muscles.
Lifestyle Tips for Managing Muscular Dystrophy
While medical treatment is essential, lifestyle changes can help manage symptoms:
1. Stay Active (Within Limits)
- Gentle exercises like swimming or yoga maintain mobility without straining muscles.
- Avoid overexertion—listen to your body.
2. Eat a Balanced Diet
- High-protein foods (lean meats, beans, dairy) support muscle health.
- Calcium and vitamin D strengthen bones.
- Stay hydrated to prevent muscle cramps.
3. Monitor Heart and Lung Health
Regular check-ups help detect complications early.
4. Emotional Support
Counseling or support groups help cope with emotional challenges.
5. Home Modifications
Install grab bars, ramps, or stairlifts for easier movement.
When to See a Doctor?
if you notice:
- Unexplained muscle weakness
- Frequent falls or difficulty moving
- Breathing problems
- Family history of MD
- Early intervention can make a big difference.
How Apollo 24|7 Can Help
If you suspect muscular dystrophy or need expert advice, Apollo 24|7 offers:
- Consultations with neurologists & genetic specialists
- Diagnostic tests (blood tests, genetic screening, EMG)
- Personalized treatment plans
- Book an appointment today through the Apollo 24|7 app or website for expert care.
Final Thoughts
Muscular dystrophy is a challenging condition, but with proper care, people with MD can lead fulfilling lives. Early diagnosis, medical treatment, and lifestyle adjustments play a crucial role in managing symptoms. If you or a loved one experience signs of MD, seek medical advice promptly.
Would you like help finding a specialist near you? Let us know in the comments!
Consult a Specialist for Personalised Advice
Consult a Specialist for Personalised Advice
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