Know all about Nail Infections: Signs, Causes and Risk Factors.
Know about nail infections, types, top risk factors, signs and prevention of nail infection.
Written by Dr. J T Hema Pratima
Reviewed by Dr. Shaik Abdul Kalam MD (Physician)
Last updated on 12th Sep, 2025
Introduction
Have you ever noticed a strange discolouration, thickening, or pain around your fingernails or toenails? These subtle changes are often the first warning signs of a nail infection, a common condition that affects millions of people. But what exactly leads to a nail infection? Nail infections can be caused by a variety of culprits, primarily fungi, bacteria, and yeasts, which thrive in specific environments our hands and feet encounter daily. This article will demystify the world of nail infection, exploring the primary pathogens responsible, the risk factors that make you more susceptible, and the everyday habits that might be putting your nails in danger.
Understanding the Main Culprits: Types of Nail Infections
Not all nail infections are the same. They are categorised based on the type of microorganism causing the problem and the area of the nail that is affected.
Fungal Nail Infection (Onychomycosis)
The most common type of nail infection is fungal. Dermatophytes, a type of fungus that also causes athlete's foot, are the usual offenders. These fungi keratin, the protein that makes up your nails, hair, and skin. They invade through tiny cuts or the small separation between your nail and nail bed, leading to a slowly progressing infection.
Consult a Dermatologist for Personalised Advice
Bacterial Nail Infection
Bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, typically cause acute and painful infections. They often invade the skin around the nail (the paronychia), leading to redness, swelling, and pus. A greenish discolouration on the nail plate can be a tell-tale sign of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, which thrives in wet environments.
Yeast Infections
Yeasts, such as Candida, are another cause. They are more likely to infect the fingernails, especially in individuals whose hands are frequently in water. Candida often affects the nail fold and can cause significant pain and swelling.
Top Risk Factors That Make You Vulnerable
Certain conditions and lifestyle factors significantly increase your likelihood of developing a nail problem.
Age and Underlying Health Conditions
As we age, blood circulation slows down, nails grow more slowly and thicken, and decades of exposure to fungi increase the risk. Conditions like diabetes, peripheral artery disease, and psoriasis impair blood flow and weaken the body's immune defense, creating a perfect environment for a persistent nail infection.
Lifestyle and Environmental Exposures
Frequent Water Exposure
Bartenders, cleaners, nurses, and swimmers often have moist hands and feet. This moisture breaks down the skin's natural barrier, allowing microbes to enter easily.
Tight-Fitting Footwear
Shoes that cramp the toes create a warm, dark, and sweaty environment where fungi flourish.
Walking Barefoot in Public Areas
Locker rooms, communal showers, and pool decks are hotspots for fungal spores.
Nail Trauma and Poor Manicure/Pedicure Practices
A stubbed toe, a hammered thumb, or even the repetitive pressure from running can cause minor separations between the nail plate and bed, opening a door for infection. Using non-sterilised tools at nail salons is a major vector for transmitting fungal and bacterial infections between clients.
Everyday Habits That Invite Nail Troubles
Often, the cause of a nail infection is tied to our daily routines.
Sharing Nail Care Tools: Clippers, files, and towels can harbour infectious organisms.
Wearing Sweaty Socks: Damp socks provide a continuous moist environment for fungal growth.
Biting Nails or Picking at Cuticles: These habits create tiny open wounds that bacteria can easily exploit.
Applying Artificial Nails: These can trap moisture underneath and damage the natural nail surface, making it vulnerable.
Recognising the Signs: Symptoms of an Infected Nail
Early detection is key. Look for these warning signs:
Discolouration: Yellow, brown, or white streaks or spots.
Thickening: The nail becomes thicker and difficult to trim.
Crumbling or Brittleness: The edges of the nail may crumble away.
Distorted Shape: The nail may become misshapen or ragged.
Debris Buildup: A chalky or cheesy substance under the nail.
Pain and Redness: Especially in bacterial infections affecting the surrounding skin.
Prevention is Better Than Cure: Protecting Your Nails
You can drastically reduce your risk by adopting simple habits:
Keep your hands and feet clean and dry.
Trim nails straight across and file down thickened areas.
Wear moisture-wicking socks and change them if they become damp.
Choose shoes that allow your toes to move freely.
Use antifungal sprays or powders in shoes if you are prone to sweating.
Always wear flip-flops in public pools and showers.
Ensure your nail salon practices proper sterilisation of all tools.
When to See a Doctor
While mild cases can sometimes be managed with over-the-counter treatments, professional medical advice is crucial. If your nail shows signs of severe infection, such as increasing pain, significant swelling, or pus, or if you have diabetes and suspect a nail infection, it is critical to seek immediate care. Diabetes can lead to serious complications from minor foot injuries. If your condition does not improve after trying these methods, book a physical visit to a doctor with Apollo24|7 for further evaluation.
Conclusion
A nail infection, while common, is more than just a cosmetic concern. It can cause discomfort, pain and lead to more serious complications if left untreated, especially for vulnerable individuals. The journey to unhealthy nails is often paved by a combination of factors: the pervasive nature of fungi and bacteria in our environment, lifestyle choices like footwear, and underlying health conditions that weaken our defenses. Prioritise good foot hygiene, be mindful of your environment, and listen to what your nails are telling you.
Consult a Dermatologist for Personalised Advice
Consult a Dermatologist for Personalised Advice
Dr. Bhavya Swarnkar
Dermatologist
14 Years • MBBS, MD, DNB (Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy) Former Senior Resident, Department of Dermatology- AIIMS, New Delhi. Associate Consultant - Dermatology.
Bilaspur
Apollo Hospitals Seepat Road, Bilaspur
(225+ Patients)
Dr. S Madhuri
Dermatologist
10 Years • MBBS, MD. DVL, DNB, Fellow (Dermatosurgery & Lasers)
Secunderabad
Apollo Hospitals Secunderabad, Secunderabad
(400+ Patients)
Dr. Himabindu Mamidala
Dermatologist
11 Years • MBBS, DDVL
Hyderabad
DrHIMABINDUS SKIN CLINIC AND LASER CENTRE, Hyderabad
Dr. Syeda Sarwath Saniya
Dermatologist
5 Years • MBBS,DVD
Bengaluru
Apollo Medical Center, Marathahalli, Bengaluru
Dr. Gnaneshwar Chidella
Dermatologist
35 Years • MBBS, MD (VENEREOLOGY), Diploma in (VENEREOLOGY)
Hyderabad
Sri Venkateshwara Poly Clinic & diagnostics, Hyderabad
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Can a nail infection go away on its own?
It is extremely rare for a nail infection to resolve without treatment. Fungi and bacteria will typically persist and worsen over time, spreading to other nails or skin. Early intervention leads to better outcomes.
2. What is the fastest way to get rid of a toenail fungus?
The fastest and most effective treatment is usually a prescription oral antifungal medication, as it attacks the infection from within the bloodstream. This must be prescribed by a doctor after a proper diagnosis. Topical solutions are often used for milder cases or in conjunction with oral meds.
3. Are nail infections contagious?
Yes, fungal and bacterial nail infections can be contagious. They can spread from person to person through direct contact or via contaminated surfaces like shower floors, towels, and nail clippers.
4. What does a bacterial nail infection look like?
It often starts as a red, swollen, and tender area around the nail (the cuticle or nail fold). It may be filled with pus and can cause the nail plate to develop a greenish discolouration if caused by specific bacteria.
5. How can I tell the difference between a fungal infection and nail psoriasis?
This can be difficult, as both can cause pitting, thickening, and separation of the nail from the bed. Psoriasis more commonly causes pitting and crumbling of the nail, while fungus leads to more debris under the nail and yellowing. A doctor can perform a lab test on a nail clipping to confirm a fungal diagnosis.