Causes and Treatment of Dyspareunia
Understand dyspareunia, its causes, symptoms, and treatment options. Learn how painful intercourse affects health and the ways to manage and treat this condition.
Written by Dr. Vasanthasree Nair
Reviewed by Dr. Dhankecha Mayank Dineshbhai MBBS
Last updated on 1st Sep, 2025
Dyspareunia, or painful intercourse, is a condition that affects many individuals, yet it often goes undiscussed due to embarrassment or lack of awareness. If you experience pain during or after sex, know that you’re not alone, and help is available. This article will explain the possible causes, symptoms, and effective treatments for dyspareunia in a simple and compassionate way.
What is Dyspareunia?
Dyspareunia refers to persistent or recurrent pain during sexual intercourse. It can occur in people of any gender but is more commonly reported by women. The pain may be felt in the vaginal area, pelvis, or deeper inside the body, and it can range from mild discomfort to severe pain.
Consult a Top Gynecologist
Common Symptoms of Dyspareunia
The pain associated with dyspareunia can vary depending on the cause. Some common symptoms include:
- Superficial pain – Discomfort at the vaginal opening during penetration.
- Deep pain – Aching or sharp pain deeper in the pelvis during or after intercourse.
- Burning or stinging sensation – Often linked to infections or skin conditions.
- Muscle spasms – Involuntary tightening of vaginal muscles (vaginismus).
- Pain lasting after sex – Soreness or discomfort that continues even after intercourse ends.
If you experience any of these symptoms regularly, it’s important to seek medical advice to identify the underlying cause.
What Causes Dyspareunia?
Dyspareunia can result from physical, emotional, or psychological factors. Some common causes include:
1. Physical Causes
- Vaginal dryness – Lack of lubrication due to menopause, breastfeeding, or hormonal changes.
- Infections – Yeast infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), or sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
- Skin conditions – Lichen sclerosus, eczema, or psoriasis affecting the genital area.
- Scar tissue – From surgeries (like episiotomy) or trauma.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Infection of the reproductive organs.
- Endometriosis – A condition where uterine tissue grows outside the uterus, causing pain.
- Vaginismus – Involuntary tightening of vaginal muscles, making penetration painful.
2. Psychological and Emotional Causes
- Stress or anxiety – Emotional distress can lead to muscle tension.
- Past trauma – A history of sexual abuse or negative sexual experiences.
- Relationship issues – Lack of emotional intimacy or unresolved conflicts with a partner.
3. Medical Treatments
- Cancer treatments – Radiation or chemotherapy can cause vaginal dryness or scarring.
- Certain medications – Antidepressants or antihistamines may reduce natural lubrication.
How is Dyspareunia Diagnosed?
If you're experiencing painful intercourse, a doctor will:
1. Take a medical history – Discuss symptoms, sexual health, and any past trauma.
2. Perform a physical exam – Check for infections, scars, or abnormalities.
3. Recommend tests – Blood tests, ultrasounds, or swabs to detect infections or hormonal imbalances.
Effective Treatments for Dyspareunia
The treatment depends on the underlying cause. Here are some common approaches:
1. Medical Treatments
- Hormonal therapy – Estrogen creams or pills for vaginal dryness (especially post-menopause).
- Antibiotics or antifungals – If an infection is detected.
- Pain-relief medications – For conditions like endometriosis.
- Pelvic floor therapy – Exercises to relax tight muscles (helpful for vaginismus).
2. Lifestyle and Home Remedies
- Use lubricants – Water-based lubricants can reduce friction during sex.
- Practice relaxation techniques – Deep breathing or meditation to ease anxiety.
- Communicate with your partner – Open discussions about comfort levels and preferences.
- Try different positions – Some positions may reduce pressure on sensitive areas.
3. Psychological Support
- Therapy or counseling – Helps address anxiety, trauma, or relationship issues.
- Sex therapy – Specialized counseling to improve sexual comfort and intimacy.
When to See a Doctor
If painful intercourse persists, consult a healthcare provider if you experience:
- Severe or worsening pain.
- Bleeding after sex (not related to menstruation).
- Signs of infection (unusual discharge, itching, or foul odor).
Need Help?
You can book a consultation with a gynecologist or sex therapist through Apollo 24|7 for expert advice and treatment options.
Final Thoughts
Dyspareunia is a treatable condition, and you don’t have to suffer in silence. Whether the cause is physical or emotional, medical help and supportive therapies can make a significant difference. If you're struggling with painful intercourse, consider reaching out to a specialist for personalized care.
Consult a Top Gynecologist
Consult a Top Gynecologist
Dr. K Sandhya
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Consult a Top Gynecologist
Dr. K Sandhya
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
18 Years • MBBS, DNB (OBGYN)
Chennai
Apollo First Med Hospitals P H Road, Chennai
Dr. Madhu Roy
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
30 Years • MBBS, MD
Delhi
Apollo Hospitals Indraprastha, Delhi
(25+ Patients)
Dr. Karuna Ratwani
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
11 Years • MBBS, MS( Obstetrics & Gynaecology), F.MAS, FICRS Advanced Diploma in Minimal Access surgery Fellow of International College of Robotic Surgeons Diploma in Reproductive Medicine, Kiel-Germany Masters in Cosmetic Gynaecology , Greifswald-Germany Masterclass in Obstetrics & Gynaecology Ultrasound ( ISUOG, UK)
Delhi
Apollo Hospitals Indraprastha, Delhi
(25+ Patients)
Dr Parwati Sharma
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
10 Years • MBBS, MD, DrNB (Obs & Gyane)
Bhopal
Apollo Sage Hospitals, Bhopal
Dr Farhana J
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
8 Years • MBBS,DGO,DNB(OG)
Tiruchirappalli
Apollo Speciality Hospitals Old Palpannai, Tiruchirappalli