Preeclampsia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments
Know about preeclampsia symptoms, causes, and treatments, including risk factors, warning signs during pregnancy, and management options to ensure maternal and baby’s health.
Written by Dr. J T Hema Pratima
Reviewed by Dr. D Bhanu Prakash MBBS, AFIH, Advanced certificate in critical care medicine, Fellowship in critical care medicine
Last updated on 6th Dec, 2025
Introduction
Pregnancy is a beautiful journey, but it can sometimes come with unexpected health challenges. One such condition is preeclampsia, a serious blood pressure disorder that affects some pregnant women. If left untreated, it can harm both the mother and the baby. But don’t worry; with proper care and timely medical attention, preeclampsia can be managed effectively.
In this article, we’ll discuss what preeclampsia is, its symptoms, causes, and treatments, along with helpful tips for managing it.
What is Preeclampsia?
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related condition characterized by high blood pressure (hypertension) and signs of damage to organs, most commonly the liver and kidneys. It usually develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy but can sometimes occur earlier or even after delivery (postpartum preeclampsia).
This condition affects about 5-8% of pregnancies and requires close monitoring to prevent complications like premature birth, low birth weight, or even life-threatening conditions such as eclampsia (seizures) or HELLP syndrome (a severe liver and blood clotting disorder).
Consult an Obstetrician and Gynaecologist for the best advice
Symptoms of Preeclampsia
Many women with preeclampsia may not feel sick, which is why regular prenatal check-ups are crucial. However, some common symptoms include:
High blood pressure (140/90 mmHg or higher)
Swelling in the hands, feet, or face (edema)
Severe headaches that don’t go away
Blurred vision, light sensitivity, or temporary vision loss
Upper abdominal pain (usually on the right side, near the ribs)
Nausea or vomiting (especially in the second half of pregnancy)
Shortness of breath (due to fluid in the lungs)
Sudden weight gain (more than 2 kg in a week)
If you experience any of these symptoms, contact your doctor immediately.
What Causes Preeclampsia?
The exact cause of preeclampsia is still unclear, but experts believe it involves problems with the placenta (the organ that nourishes the baby). Some possible factors include:
Poor blood flow to the placenta – If blood vessels don’t develop properly, it can lead to high blood pressure.
Immune system issues – The mother’s immune system may react abnormally to pregnancy.
Genetic factors – A family history of preeclampsia increases the risk.
Blood vessel damage – Conditions like chronic hypertension or diabetes can contribute.
Risk Factors for Preeclampsia
Some women are more likely to develop preeclampsia, including those who:
Are pregnant for the first time
Have a history of preeclampsia in a previous pregnancy
Have chronic high blood pressure, diabetes, or kidney disease
Are obese (BMI over 30)
Are carrying twins or multiples
Are older than 35 or younger than 20
Have autoimmune disorders (like lupus)
How is Preeclampsia Diagnosed?
Doctors diagnose preeclampsia through:
1. Blood pressure monitoring – Consistently high readings.
2. Urine tests – Checking for protein (proteinuria).
3. Blood tests – Assessing liver and kidney function.
4. Ultrasound & foetal monitoring – Ensuring the baby is growing well.
If diagnosed early, complications can be minimized.
Treatment Options for Preeclampsia
The only complete cure for preeclampsia is delivering the baby. However, if diagnosed early, doctors may recommend:
1. Medications
Antihypertensive drugs – To lower blood pressure.
Corticosteroids – To help the baby’s lungs mature faster if early delivery is needed.
Magnesium sulfate – To prevent seizures (eclampsia).
2. Close Monitoring
Frequent prenatal visits, blood pressure checks, and urine tests.
Bed rest or reduced activity in severe cases.
3. Delivery
If preeclampsia is severe and the baby is near full-term (37+ weeks), doctors may recommend inducing labor or a C-section. For earlier pregnancies, they will try to manage the condition until the baby is mature enough.
How to Lower Your Risk of Preeclampsia
While not all cases can be prevented, some steps may help reduce the risk:
Regular prenatal care – Early detection is key.
Healthy diet – Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Reduce salt and processed foods.
Stay hydrated – Drink enough water daily.
Exercise moderately – Walking or prenatal yoga can help.
Manage weight – Maintain a healthy BMI before and during pregnancy.
Low-dose aspirin – If at high risk, your doctor may recommend this.
When to Seek Emergency Help
Call your doctor immediately if you experience:
Severe headache or vision problems
Difficulty breathing
Sharp pain in the upper abdomen
Sudden swelling in hands/face
Decreased foetal movement
Final Thoughts
Preeclampsia is a serious but manageable condition. The key is early detection and proper medical care. If you’re pregnant, attend all prenatal visits, monitor your symptoms, and follow your doctor’s advice.
Consult an Obstetrician and Gynaecologist for the best advice
Consult an Obstetrician and Gynaecologist for the best advice
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