Understanding Ivf
Discover a step-by-step guide to the IVF journey, including treatment process, success rates, costs, risks, and emotional support for individuals and couples.
Written by Dr. Md Yusuf Shareef
Reviewed by Dr. Shaik Abdul Kalam MD (Physician)
Last updated on 11th Sep, 2025
Introduction
The path to parenthood is unique for everyone, and for many, it involves exploring assisted reproductive technologies like IVF. In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) is a beacon of hope for millions of individuals and couples facing infertility, but the process itself can often feel overwhelming and shrouded in mystery. If you're considering this path, you likely have a flood of questions about what it entails, its chances of success, and how to prepare both physically and emotionally. This guide is designed to demystify IVF treatment, walking you through every step from initial consultation to the two-week wait. We'll break down the complex medical jargon into clear, understandable information, discuss the emotional landscape, and provide you with the knowledge you need to feel empowered and informed as you navigate your own IVF journey. Let's dive in and understand what the process truly involves.
What is IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation)?
In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) is a type of assisted reproductive technology (ART) where an egg and sperm are combined outside the human body in a specialised laboratory dish. The term "in vitro" is Latin for "in glass," referring to this external fertilisation process. Once an embryo or embryos form, they are then transferred into the uterus with the goal of establishing a successful pregnancy.
The Basic Science Behind IVF
The core principle of IVF is to bypass potential obstacles to natural conception. This could be blocked fallopian tubes, low sperm count or motility, ovulation disorders, or unexplained infertility. By manually combining the egg and sperm in a controlled lab environment, embryologists can facilitate fertilisation that might not otherwise occur. The most viable resulting embryo(s) are then selected for transfer, maximising the chance of implantation and pregnancy.
A Brief History of IVF and Its Evolution
IVF is no longer experimental; it's a well-established medical practice. Its breakthrough moment came in 1978 with the birth of Louise Brown, the world's first "test-tube baby." Since then, technology has advanced exponentially. Techniques like ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection), where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg, have revolutionised treatment for severe male factor infertility. Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) allows for screening embryos for chromosomal abnormalities, improving success rates. These advancements have made IVF treatment vastly more effective and accessible than it was just a few decades ago.
Who is a Candidate for IVF Treatment?
IVF is not a first-line treatment for all fertility challenges. It is typically recommended after other, less invasive methods have been unsuccessful or are not viable.
Common Medical Reasons for Pursuing IVF
Doctors may suggest IVF treatment for various medical reasons, including:
- Blocked or Damaged Fallopian Tubes: This makes natural conception impossible as the egg cannot meet the sperm.
- Male Factor Infertility: This includes low sperm count, poor sperm motility, or abnormal sperm morphology.
- Ovulation Disorders: If ovulation is infrequent or absent, IVF can use medications to stimulate egg production.
- Premature Ovarian Failure or Diminished Ovarian Reserve: IVF can help use the available eggs efficiently.
- Endometriosis: This condition can affect egg quality, fertilisation, and implantation.
- Unexplained Infertility: When no cause is found after standard testing, IVF can be both a diagnostic and treatment tool.
IVF for Single Parents and LGBTQ+ Families
IVF has been instrumental in expanding family-building options. Single individuals and same-sex couples can achieve pregnancy using donor sperm, donor eggs, or gestational carriers (surrogates). This makes understanding the IVF process step by step crucial for a much wider audience beyond those facing medical infertility.
The Step-by-Step IVF Process: What to Expect
A single cycle of IVF typically takes between four to six weeks from start to finish. It's a meticulous process involving several key stages.
Step 1: Ovarian Stimulation and Monitoring
Instead of the single egg normally developed each month, you will receive hormonal injections (gonadotrophins) for
8-14 days to stimulate your ovaries to produce multiple eggs. During this time, you will undergo frequent monitoring through blood tests and transvaginal ultrasounds to track follicle growth and hormone levels, adjusting medication dosages as needed. This careful monitoring helps optimise the timing for egg retrieval and minimises the risk of complications like OHSS (Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome).
Step 2: Egg Retrieval Procedure
This is a minor surgical procedure performed under sedation or anaesthesia. Using an ultrasound guide, a thin needle is inserted through the vaginal wall to aspirate (suction) the fluid and eggs from each follicle. The procedure usually takes about 20-30 minutes. Afterwards, you might experience some cramping or bloating, but most people recover within a day.
Step 3: Sperm Collection and Preparation
On the same day as the egg retrieval, a sperm sample is provided by the male partner or a donor. The sample is "washed" and prepared in the lab to isolate the healthiest and most motile sperm for fertilisation.
Step 4: Fertilisation and Embryo Development
The eggs and sperm are now combined. This is often done through conventional insemination (placed together in a dish) or through ICSI, which is used in cases of male factor infertility or previous IVF fertilisation failure. The fertilised eggs (now embryos) are monitored for 3-6 days as they develop. Embryologists grade them based on their cell division and appearance, selecting the most viable ones for transfer or freezing.
Step 5: Embryo Transfer
This is the final and most anticipated step. A speculum is inserted into the vagina, and a very thin, soft catheter containing the selected embryo(s) is passed through the cervix into the uterus. The transfer is a quick, painless procedure that feels similar to a Pap smear and requires no anaesthesia. After the transfer, you will be advised to rest for a short period before going home.
After the Transfer: The Two-Week Wait and Beyond
The period between the embryo transfer and your pregnancy test is often called the "two-week wait" (TWW). It can be the most emotionally challenging part of the IVF journey.
Understanding Beta hCG Testing
Approximately 9-14 days after the transfer, you will return to the clinic for a blood test to measure your levels of the pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). This is called a beta hCG test. A rising level of this hormone over subsequent tests is the first confirmation of a successful pregnancy.
Early Pregnancy Monitoring After IVF
If the test is positive, you will continue to have regular blood tests to ensure hCG levels are rising appropriately. An early ultrasound will be scheduled around 6-7 weeks of pregnancy to confirm a foetal heartbeat and that the pregnancy is developing within the uterus. If you have any concerns about bleeding or pain during this sensitive time, it is crucial to consult your fertility specialist immediately. For ongoing support, you can also consult a doctor online with Apollo24|7 to connect with a specialist from the comfort of your home.
IVF Success Rates: Understanding the Statistics
IVF success is not guaranteed, and understanding the statistics is key to managing expectations.
Key Factors That Influence IVF Success
The most significant factor is the age of the person providing the eggs, as egg quality declines with age. Other factors include:
- The cause of infertility
- The quality of the embryos
- Uterine receptivity
- Lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking, BMI)
- The experience and expertise of the clinic and lab
National Average IVF Success Rates by Age
According to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART), IVF success rates by age (for fresh embryos
from non-donor eggs) show a clear trend:
- Under 35: -55% per cycle
- 35-37: - 40% per cycle
- 38-40: - 26% per cycle
- 41-42: - 13% per cycle
- Over 42: - 4% per cycle
It's important to discuss your personalised chances of success with your doctor, as your individual health profile is the most critical factor.
Consult a Gynaecologist for the best advice
Risks and Side Effects of IVF
Like any medical procedure, IVF carries potential risks and side effects.
Short-Term Side Effects (e.g., OHSS)
Common side effects from fertility drugs include bloating, mood swings, headaches, and abdominal pain. A more
serious risk is Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS), where the ovaries become swollen and painful. Symptoms can include severe bloating, nausea, and rapid weight gain. Modern monitoring techniques have made severe OHSS rare, but it requires prompt medical attention.
Long-Term Considerations and Emotional Health
The emotional toll of IVF is often its biggest challenge. The rollercoaster of hope, anxiety, and potential disappointment can lead to significant stress, anxiety, and depression. The financial burden can add to this strain. Seeking support from a therapist, counsellor, or support group specialising in infertility is highly recommended. The physical process, while demanding, is time-limited, but prioritising your emotional health during IVF is essential for long-term well-being.
The Financial and Emotional Cost of IVF
The investment in IVF is twofold: financial and emotional.
Breaking Down the Cost of an IVF Cycle
The cost of IVF treatment varies widely by clinic and location but often ranges from ₹1.5 to ₹3.5 lakhs per cycle in
India. This typically includes monitoring, the retrieval, and the transfer. Medications, which can be very expensive, are often a separate cost. Additional procedures like ICSI, PGT, or embryo freezing add significant extra fees. It's vital to get a detailed, itemised cost breakdown from your clinic before starting.
Coping Strategies and Support Systems
Building a strong support system is non-negotiable. This can include:
- Your Partner: Open communication is key.
- A Therapist: Specialists in reproductive mental health can provide invaluable tools.
- Support Groups: Connecting with others on the same journey reduces feelings of isolation.
- Setting Boundaries: Decide how much you want to share with friends and family to protect your energy.
Alternatives to IVF: Other Fertility Treatments
IVF is one of many tools in the fertility toolkit. Depending on your diagnosis, your doctor might first recommend less
invasive options like:
- Fertility medications (e.g., Clomid) with timed intercourse.
- Intrauterine Insemination (IUI), where washed sperm is placed directly into the uterus around the time of ovulation.
These treatments are often tried before moving on to the more complex and costly IVF process.
Conclusion
Embarking on an IVF journey is a profound decision filled with a complex mix of hope, science, and resilience. Understanding the IVF process step by step; from initial consultations and ovarian stimulation to the agonising two-week wait; empowers you to be an active participant in your care. While the statistics and cost of IVF treatment are important practical considerations, it's equally vital to acknowledge and prepare for the emotional landscape you will navigate. Remember, you are not alone. Thousands walk this path each year, and seeking support from medical professionals, mental health experts, and a community of others who understand can make all the difference. Whether IVF treatment is your first step or a last resort after other fertility treatments, knowledge is your greatest asset. Arm yourself with information, advocate for your needs, and approach this journey with compassion for yourself and your partner. If you are considering IVF, your first step is to consult with a fertility specialist to discuss your personal health history and options. You can book a physical visit to a doctor with Apollo24|7 to begin this conversation with a qualified expert.
Consult a Gynaecologist for the best advice
Consult a Gynaecologist for the best advice
Dr. Sai Lakshmi Daayana
Gynaecological Oncologist
18 Years • MBBS, MRCOG
Hyderabad
Apollo Hospitals Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad
(200+ Patients)
Dr. Rupam Manna
Radiation Specialist Oncologist
4 Years • MBBS MD(RADIO THERAPY)
Barasat
Diab-Eat-Ease, Barasat
Dr. Sreeparna Roy
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
8 Years • MBBS , MS (OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY), Fellowship in Infertility, Endoscopy & Ultrasonography), Fellowship in Laparoscopy & Hysteroscopy,DRM
Kolkata
Dr Utsa Basu Clinic, Kolkata
Dr. Navin Srinivasan
Gynaecological Oncologist
9 Years • MBBS, MS DNB(OBS-GYNAE), MCH (GYNAE ONCOLOGY)
Bengaluru
Apollo Clinic Mahadevapura, Bengaluru
Dr. Swati Shah
Surgical Oncologist
15 Years • DNB Surgical Oncology, certified Robotic Cancer Surgeon
Ahmedabad
Apollo Hospitals Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad
(25+ Patients)
Consult a Gynaecologist for the best advice
Dr. Sai Lakshmi Daayana
Gynaecological Oncologist
18 Years • MBBS, MRCOG
Hyderabad
Apollo Hospitals Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad
(200+ Patients)
Dr. Rupam Manna
Radiation Specialist Oncologist
4 Years • MBBS MD(RADIO THERAPY)
Barasat
Diab-Eat-Ease, Barasat
Dr. Sreeparna Roy
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
8 Years • MBBS , MS (OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY), Fellowship in Infertility, Endoscopy & Ultrasonography), Fellowship in Laparoscopy & Hysteroscopy,DRM
Kolkata
Dr Utsa Basu Clinic, Kolkata
Dr. Navin Srinivasan
Gynaecological Oncologist
9 Years • MBBS, MS DNB(OBS-GYNAE), MCH (GYNAE ONCOLOGY)
Bengaluru
Apollo Clinic Mahadevapura, Bengaluru
Dr. Swati Shah
Surgical Oncologist
15 Years • DNB Surgical Oncology, certified Robotic Cancer Surgeon
Ahmedabad
Apollo Hospitals Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad
(25+ Patients)
More articles from pregnancy
.webp)
Frequently Asked Questions
How many IVF cycles does it typically take to get pregnant?
There is no definitive number. While some achieve success on the first cycle, others may require multiple attempts. Success rates are cumulative, meaning the chance of success increases with subsequent cycles. Your doctor can give you a personalised estimate based on your age and diagnosis.
What is the difference between IVF and ICSI?
ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection) is not an alternative to IVF; it is a specialised procedure performed during an IVF cycle. In standard IVF, many sperm are placed near an egg. With ICSI, a single sperm is selected and injected directly into the egg. It is primarily used to overcome severe male factor infertility.
Are babies born through IVF healthy?
Decades of research show that the vast majority of babies born through IVF are healthy. The risk of certain birth defects may be slightly higher, but this is often linked to the underlying infertility factors in the parents rather than the IVF procedure itself. The greatest risk factor for complications remains multiple births (twins, triplets), which clinics now mitigate through single embryo transfers (SET).
How painful is the IVF process?
Discomfort levels vary. The injections can cause bruising. The egg retrieval is performed under sedation, so you don't feel pain during the procedure, though cramping and bloating are common afterwards. The embryo transfer is typically painless. Most patients report the emotional stress as more challenging than the physical aspects.
Can I choose the gender of my baby with IVF?
In India, sex selection is illegal under the PCPNDT Act, except to prevent sex-linked genetic disorders. While Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) can identify chromosomal sex, this information cannot be used for social sex selection. Fertility clinics are strictly prohibited from engaging in this practice.