Understanding Bacterial Vaginosis: Overview and Treatment
Discover bacterial vaginosis, its causes, symptoms, and treatment options. Learn how this common vaginal infection develops and the ways to manage it effectively.
Written by Dr. M L Ezhilarasan
Reviewed by Dr. D Bhanu Prakash MBBS, AFIH, Advanced certificate in critical care medicine, Fellowship in critical care medicine
Last updated on 2nd Sep, 2025
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection that affects many women at some point in their lives. While it may sound concerning, it’s usually not serious and can be treated effectively. However, understanding what BV is, its symptoms, causes, and treatment options can help you manage it better and prevent complications.
What is Bacterial Vaginosis?
Bacterial vaginosis occurs when there is an imbalance in the natural bacteria present in the vagina. Normally, the vagina contains a mix of "good" and "bad" bacteria, but when the harmful bacteria outnumber the beneficial ones, it leads to BV.
Unlike yeast infections (which are caused by fungi), BV is caused by an overgrowth of bacteria such as Gardnerella vaginalis. It’s not a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but sexual activity can increase the risk of developing it.
Consult a Top Gynecologist
Symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis
Some women with BV may not experience any symptoms, while others may notice:
- A thin, grayish-white vaginal discharge
- A strong fishy odor, especially after sex or during menstruation
- Vaginal itching or irritation (though less common than in yeast infections)
- Burning sensation while urinating (in some cases)
If you notice these symptoms, it’s best to consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.
What Causes Bacterial Vaginosis?
The exact cause of BV is not fully understood, but certain factors can increase the risk:
- Douching – Washing the vagina with soap or cleansers can disrupt its natural balance.
- Multiple or new sexual partners – While BV isn’t an STI, sexual activity can alter vaginal bacteria.
- Lack of lactobacilli – These "good" bacteria help maintain a healthy vaginal environment.
- Smoking – Some studies suggest smoking may increase BV risk.
- Hormonal changes – Pregnancy, menstruation, or menopause can affect vaginal bacteria.
How Does BV Affect Your Health?
If left untreated, BV can lead to complications such as:
- Increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like chlamydia or HIV
- Higher chances of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can affect fertility
- Pregnancy complications, including preterm birth or low birth weight
Diagnosis and Treatment
If you suspect BV, your doctor may:
- Perform a pelvic exam
- Take a vaginal swab to check for bacterial imbalance
- Test the pH level of vaginal discharge (BV often raises pH levels)
Treatment Options
BV is usually treated with antibiotics, which can be taken as:
- Oral pills (e.g., metronidazole or clindamycin)
- Vaginal gels or creams (applied directly inside the vagina)
Important: Always complete the full course of antibiotics, even if symptoms improve, to prevent recurrence.
Home Care and Prevention Tips
While antibiotics are effective, you can also take steps to prevent BV from recurring:
- Avoid douching – The vagina cleans itself naturally.
- Practice safe sex – Use condoms to reduce bacterial imbalance.
- Wear breathable underwear – Cotton underwear helps prevent excess moisture.
- Limit scented products – Avoid perfumed soaps, sprays, or tampons.
- Maintain good hygiene – Wipe from front to back after using the toilet.
- Eat probiotic-rich foods – Yogurt, kefir, and fermented foods support healthy bacteria.
When to See a Doctor
If you experience:
- Unusual vaginal discharge or odor
- Itching, burning, or discomfort
- Symptoms that return after treatment
…it’s best to seek medical advice.
Need Help? Consult a Specialist on Apollo 24|7
If you suspect you have BV or need expert advice, you can book a consultation with a gynecologist on Apollo 24|7. Early diagnosis and treatment can help you stay healthy and avoid complications.
Final Thoughts
Bacterial vaginosis is a common but manageable condition. By understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment options, you can take control of your vaginal health. Simple lifestyle changes, proper hygiene, and timely medical care can make a big difference. Remember, there’s no need to feel embarrassed millions of women experience BV, and doctors are here to help!
Consult a Top Gynecologist
Consult a Top Gynecologist
Dr. Vineet Mishra
Infertility Specialist
36 Years • MD, Phd, DSc
Ahmedabad
Apollo Hospitals - Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad, Ahmedabad
Dr Jaya Kumar Agarwal
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
25 Years • MBBS , DGO , DNB (obstetric and gynecology) DGE diploma in Gyne endoscopy (Germany )
Delhi
Apollo Hospitals Indraprastha, Delhi
Dr Lekha K L
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
15 Years • MBBS,DGO & DNB in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Angamaly
Apollo Hospitals Karukutty, Angamaly
Dr. Debashree Saha
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
4 Years • MBBS, MS (Obstetrics & Gynaecology)
Kolkata
DR. DEBASHREE SAHA Clinic, Kolkata
Dr. Shruti I
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
7 Years • MBBS, MS (OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY)
Bangalore
Apollo Clinic Bellandur, Bangalore
Consult a Top Gynecologist
Dr. Vineet Mishra
Infertility Specialist
36 Years • MD, Phd, DSc
Ahmedabad
Apollo Hospitals - Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad, Ahmedabad
Dr Jaya Kumar Agarwal
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
25 Years • MBBS , DGO , DNB (obstetric and gynecology) DGE diploma in Gyne endoscopy (Germany )
Delhi
Apollo Hospitals Indraprastha, Delhi
Dr Lekha K L
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
15 Years • MBBS,DGO & DNB in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Angamaly
Apollo Hospitals Karukutty, Angamaly
Dr. Debashree Saha
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
4 Years • MBBS, MS (Obstetrics & Gynaecology)
Kolkata
DR. DEBASHREE SAHA Clinic, Kolkata
Dr. Shruti I
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
7 Years • MBBS, MS (OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY)
Bangalore
Apollo Clinic Bellandur, Bangalore