Alpha-Fetoprotein Test Overview and Information
Learn about the Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) Test, its purpose, procedure, and what results may indicate. Understand its role in monitoring liver health, pregnancy, and certain cancers.
Written by Dr. Dhankecha Mayank Dineshbhai
Reviewed by Dr. Vasanthasree Nair MBBS
Last updated on 1st Sep, 2025
Introduction
If you or a loved one has been advised to take an Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) test, you might have questions about what it is, why it’s needed, and what the results mean. Don’t worry; this guide will explain everything in simple terms so you can feel informed and at ease.
What is the Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) Test?
The AFP test measures the level of alpha-fetoprotein in your blood. AFP is a protein produced mainly by a developing baby (foetus) during pregnancy. However, adults can also have small amounts of AFP in their blood.
This test is commonly used for two main reasons:
1. During Pregnancy – To check the baby’s health and detect possible birth defects.
2. In Adults – To help diagnose or monitor certain liver diseases and cancers, such as liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) or germ cell tumors.
Consult a General Physician for the best advice
Why Might You Need an AFP Test?
An AFP test may be recommended in different situations related to liver health, pregnancy, or cancer screening.
For Pregnant Women
- Screening for Birth Defects: High AFP levels may indicate conditions like spina bifida (a spinal cord defect) or anencephaly (a brain development issue).
- Multiple Pregnancies: If you’re carrying twins or triplets, AFP levels may naturally be higher.
- Checking Foetal Health: Low AFP levels could suggest Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities.
For Adults
- Liver Disease Monitoring: High AFP levels may signal liver damage, cirrhosis, or hepatitis.
- Cancer Detection: Elevated AFP can be a sign of liver cancer or testicular/ovarian germ cell tumors.
- Tracking Treatment: If you’re undergoing cancer treatment, this test helps doctors see if therapy is working.
How is the AFP Test Done?
The AFP test is a simple blood test. A healthcare professional will:
1. Clean your arm with an antiseptic.
2. Insert a small needle to draw blood from a vein.
3. Send the sample to a lab for analysis.
The procedure is quick, and you can resume normal activities afterward.
Understanding Your AFP Test Results
Your AFP test results can provide important insights into your health.
Normal AFP Levels
- Non-pregnant adults: Less than 10 ng/mL (nanograms per millilitre).
- Pregnant women: Levels rise naturally during pregnancy, peaking around 32 weeks. Your doctor will compare your results to standard pregnancy ranges.
What High AFP Levels Could Mean
- During Pregnancy: Possible neural tube defects, incorrect due date, or multiple pregnancies.
- In Adults: Possible liver disease, liver cancer, or germ cell tumors.
What Low AFP Levels Could Mean
- During Pregnancy: May indicate a higher risk of Down syndrome.
- In Adults: Usually not a concern unless monitoring a known condition.
Note: An abnormal AFP result doesn’t always mean a serious problem. Further tests (like ultrasounds or biopsies) may be needed for confirmation.
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How to Prepare for the AFP Test
Proper preparation helps ensure accurate results.
- Fasting: Usually not required, but check with your doctor.
- Medications: Inform your doctor about any medicines or supplements you’re taking, as some can affect AFP levels.
- Pregnancy Timing: If you’re pregnant, the test is most accurate between 15-20 weeks.
Lifestyle and Management Tips
Making small lifestyle changes can support better health outcomes.
For Pregnant Women
- Follow-up Testing: If AFP levels are abnormal, your doctor may recommend an ultrasound or amniocentesis.
- Healthy Diet: Ensure you’re getting enough folic acid (found in leafy greens, beans, and fortified cereals) to support foetal development.
For Adults with High AFP
- Monitor Liver Health: If you have liver disease, avoid alcohol, maintain a healthy weight, and follow your doctor’s advice.
- Regular Check-ups: If AFP is high due to cancer, regular testing helps track treatment progress.
When to See a Doctor
Consult your doctor if:
- You’re pregnant and concerned about AFP test results.
- You have symptoms like abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, or jaundice (yellowing of skin/eyes).
- You’ve been diagnosed with liver disease or cancer and need monitoring.
Final Thoughts
The AFP test is a valuable tool for monitoring pregnancy health and detecting certain cancers or liver conditions. While abnormal results can be concerning, remember that further testing is often needed for a clear diagnosis. Stay informed, follow your doctor’s advice, and take proactive steps for your health.
Consult a General Physician for the best advice
Consult a General Physician for the best advice
Dr. Hrishikesh Shivakumar
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
9 Years • MBBS, MD (GENERAL MEDICINE)
Bangalore
Apollo 24|7 Clinic - Karnataka, Bangalore
(75+ Patients)
Dr. Siri Nallapu
General Practitioner
5 Years • MBBS
Hyderabad
Apollo 24|7 Clinic, Hyderabad
Dr D M Karthik
General Practitioner
4 Years • MBBS, Fellowship in Diabetes Mellitus, Advance certificate in Diabetes Mellitus, Derma Nutrition Certification
Visakhapatnam
Apollo 24|7 Clinic - Andhra Pradesh, Visakhapatnam
Dr. J T Hema Pratima
General Practitioner
9 Years • MBBS, Fellowship in Diabetes Mellitus
Chennai
Apollo 24|7 Clinic - Tamilnadu, Chennai
(350+ Patients)
Dr. Rohinipriyanka Reddy
General Practitioner
9 Years • MBBS
Hyderabad
Apollo 24|7 Clinic, Hyderabad
Consult a General Physician for the best advice
Dr. Hrishikesh Shivakumar
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
9 Years • MBBS, MD (GENERAL MEDICINE)
Bangalore
Apollo 24|7 Clinic - Karnataka, Bangalore
(75+ Patients)
Dr. Siri Nallapu
General Practitioner
5 Years • MBBS
Hyderabad
Apollo 24|7 Clinic, Hyderabad
Dr D M Karthik
General Practitioner
4 Years • MBBS, Fellowship in Diabetes Mellitus, Advance certificate in Diabetes Mellitus, Derma Nutrition Certification
Visakhapatnam
Apollo 24|7 Clinic - Andhra Pradesh, Visakhapatnam
Dr. J T Hema Pratima
General Practitioner
9 Years • MBBS, Fellowship in Diabetes Mellitus
Chennai
Apollo 24|7 Clinic - Tamilnadu, Chennai
(350+ Patients)
Dr. Rohinipriyanka Reddy
General Practitioner
9 Years • MBBS
Hyderabad
Apollo 24|7 Clinic, Hyderabad
