Leukoplakia: Overview of Causes and Treatment
An essential overview of Leukoplakia, including its common causes, how to recognize its symptoms, and the various treatment options available to manage this oral condition.
Written by Dr. J T Hema Pratima
Reviewed by Dr. Shaik Abdul Kalam MD (Physician)
Last updated on 22nd Aug, 2025
Leukoplakia is a condition that causes thick, white patches to form on the gums, tongue, or the inside of the cheeks. These patches cannot be scraped off and are often painless, but they can sometimes lead to discomfort or indicate a more serious health issue. While leukoplakia itself is usually harmless, in some cases, it can be a warning sign of oral cancer.
If you or a loved one has noticed unusual white patches in the mouth, it’s important to understand the causes, symptoms, and treatment options available. This article will guide you through everything you need to know in a simple and supportive way.
What Causes Leukoplakia?
The exact cause of leukoplakia is not always clear, but several factors can contribute to its development:
1. Tobacco Use – Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, as well as chewing tobacco, is the most common cause.
2. Alcohol Consumption – Heavy alcohol use increases the risk, especially when combined with tobacco.
3. Chronic Irritation – Rough teeth, ill-fitting dentures, or long term friction inside the mouth can lead to these patches.
4. HPV (Human Papillomavirus) – Some studies suggest a link between leukoplakia and certain strains of HPV.
5. Weakened Immune System – People with conditions like HIV/AIDS may be more prone to developing leukoplakia.
Symptoms of Leukoplakia
The most noticeable sign is the appearance of white or gray patches inside the mouth. These patches:
Are thick and slightly raised
Cannot be wiped or scraped off
May have a rough or hardened texture
Sometimes cause mild discomfort or sensitivity
In rare cases, red patches (called erythroplakia) may appear, which have a higher risk of being pre-cancerous.
Consult a Top Dentist for the best advice
How Leukoplakia Affects Health?
Most leukoplakia patches are noncancerous (benign), but some can develop into oral cancer over time. That’s why it’s essential to get them checked by a doctor or dentist. Early detection and treatment can prevent complications.
Diagnosis and Treatment
If you notice persistent white patches in your mouth, consult a healthcare professional. They may:
Examine the patches – Check their size, texture, and location.
Perform a biopsy – A small tissue sample may be taken to test for abnormal cells.
Recommend further tests – If needed, additional imaging or lab tests may be done.
Treatment Options
Treatment options are:
1. Removing the Cause – If tobacco or alcohol is the trigger, quitting can help the patches disappear.
2. Dental Adjustments – Fixing rough teeth or adjusting dentures can reduce irritation.
3. Medication – Topical treatments or antiviral drugs (if linked to HPV) may be prescribed.
4. Surgical Removal – If patches are suspicious or persistent, a doctor may remove them using laser therapy, freezing, or minor surgery.
Lifestyle Tips to Manage Leukoplakia
Here are some ways to reduce the risk or prevent leukoplakia from worsening:
Quit Smoking & Limit Alcohol – These are the biggest risk factors.
Maintain Oral Hygiene – Brush twice daily, floss, and visit your dentist regularly.
Eat a Balanced Diet – Include fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants.
Avoid Spicy or Irritating Foods – If patches are sensitive, opt for softer foods.
Stay Hydrated – Drinking water helps keep the mouth moist and healthy.
When to See a Doctor?
Consult a healthcare provider if:
The patches last more than two weeks
They become painful or change in appearance
You have difficulty swallowing or speaking
You notice red spots along with white patches
Early evaluation is key to preventing serious complications.
Book a Consultation with Apollo 24|7
If you’re concerned about leukoplakia or need expert advice, Apollo 24|7 offers convenient online consultations with experienced doctors. You can also schedule an inperson visit for a thorough examination.
Call us or book an appointment online today for personalized care and peace of mind.
Final Thoughts
Leukoplakia is usually harmless but should never be ignored. By understanding its causes, recognizing symptoms early, and making healthy lifestyle changes, you can reduce risks and maintain good oral health. If you notice any unusual patches in your mouth, don’t hesitate to seek medical advice—early action makes all the difference!
Stay informed, stay healthy!
Consult a Top Dentist
Consult a Top Dentist for the best advice
Dr. Ankit Khandelwal
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon
13 Years • BDS, MDS ( Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery) , PGDCC, Fellowship in Head & Neck Oncology
Kolkata
Gajanan Multispeciality Clinic, Kolkata
(75+ Patients)
Dr. Anupama Kumari
Dentist
7 Years • BDS, MDS (Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics)
Chhapna
RA Dent Clinic, Chhapna
Dr. Akshay Khandelwal
Dentist
6 Years • BDS, MDS (CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS)
Kolkata
Gajanan Multispeciality Clinic, Kolkata
Dr. Amit Kumar
Dentist
7 Years • BDS, MDS Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Patna
PRABHA DENTAL HOSPITAL, Patna
Dr. Gourab Paul
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon
5 Years • BDS,MDS(ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY)
Kolkata
Mind Mentor Institute, Kolkata
(25+ Patients)
Consult a Top Dentist
Dr. Ankit Khandelwal
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon
13 Years • BDS, MDS ( Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery) , PGDCC, Fellowship in Head & Neck Oncology
Kolkata
Gajanan Multispeciality Clinic, Kolkata
(75+ Patients)
Dr. Anupama Kumari
Dentist
7 Years • BDS, MDS (Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics)
Chhapna
RA Dent Clinic, Chhapna
Dr. Akshay Khandelwal
Dentist
6 Years • BDS, MDS (CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS)
Kolkata
Gajanan Multispeciality Clinic, Kolkata
Dr. Amit Kumar
Dentist
7 Years • BDS, MDS Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Patna
PRABHA DENTAL HOSPITAL, Patna
Dr. Gourab Paul
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon
5 Years • BDS,MDS(ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY)
Kolkata
Mind Mentor Institute, Kolkata
(25+ Patients)
