Aplastic Anaemia Overview: Symptoms and Treatment
Know all about aplastic anaemia, what it is, and symptoms. Learn about the treatment, diagnosis, and lifestyle tips for managing aplastic anaemia.
Written by Dr. M L Ezhilarasan
Reviewed by Dr. Dhankecha Mayank Dineshbhai MBBS
Last updated on 31st Aug, 2025
Introduction
Aplastic anaemia is a rare but serious blood disorder where the body stops producing enough new blood cells. This condition can leave you feeling tired, weak, and more prone to infections or bleeding. While it can be concerning, understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatment options can help you manage the condition effectively.
What is Aplastic Anaemia?
Aplastic anaemia occurs when your bone marrow—the spongy tissue inside your bones—fails to make enough red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body.
White blood cells help fight infections.
Platelets help your blood clot to stop bleeding.
When these cells are low, your body struggles to function properly, leading to fatigue, frequent infections, and excessive bleeding.
Consult the Best General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
Symptoms of Aplastic Anaemia
The symptoms depend on which type of blood cells is most affected:
1. Low Red Blood Cells (Anaemia):
Fatigue and weakness
Pale skin
Shortness of breath, Dizziness, or lightheadedness
Rapid or irregular heartbeat
2. Low White Blood Cells (Increased Infection Risk):
Frequent infections
Fever
Slow healing of wounds
3. Low Platelets (Bleeding Problems):
Easy bruising
Nosebleeds or bleeding gums
Prolonged bleeding from cuts
Tiny red spots on the skin (petechiae)
If you experience any of these symptoms persistently, consult a doctor for proper diagnosis.
What Causes Aplastic Anaemia?
Aplastic anaemia can be acquired (developed later in life) or, rarely, inherited (from birth). Possible causes include:
Autoimmune disorders – The immune system mistakenly attacks bone marrow.
Exposure to toxins – Chemicals like pesticides, benzene, or chemotherapy drugs.
Radiation or chemotherapy – Cancer treatments can damage bone marrow.
Viral infections – Hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus, or HIV.
Certain medications – Some antibiotics or rheumatoid arthritis drugs.
Pregnancy – In rare cases, the immune system may suppress bone marrow.
Sometimes, the exact cause remains unknown (idiopathic aplastic anaemia).
How is Aplastic Anaemia Diagnosed?
Doctors use several tests to confirm aplastic anaemia:
Complete Blood Count (CBC) – Checks levels of red cells, white cells, and platelets.
Bone Marrow Biopsy – A small sample is taken to examine under a microscope.
Additional Tests – To rule out infections, genetic disorders, or autoimmune diseases.
Treatment Options for Aplastic Anaemia
Treatment depends on the severity of the condition:
1. Blood Transfusions – Provides temporary relief by replenishing red blood cells and platelets.
2. Immunosuppressive Therapy – Medications like anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) or cyclosporine suppress the immune system if it’s attacking the bone marrow.
3. Bone Marrow Transplant (Stem Cell Transplant) – The only potential cure for severe cases, replacing damaged marrow with healthy donor stem cells.
4. Medications to Stimulate Bone Marrow – Drugs like eltrombopag may help increase blood cell production.
5. Antibiotics & Antifungals – To prevent infections in those with low white blood cells.
Your doctor will recommend the best treatment based on your age, overall health, and disease severity.
Lifestyle Tips for Managing Aplastic Anaemia
While medical treatment is essential, certain lifestyle changes can help improve your quality of life:
Eat a Nutrient-Rich Diet – Include iron-rich foods (spinach, lentils), vitamin B12 (eggs, dairy), and folic acid (leafy greens) to support blood cell production.
Avoid Infections – Wash hands frequently, avoid crowded places, and stay up-to-date with vaccinations.
Prevent Bleeding – Use a soft toothbrush, avoid contact sports, and be cautious with sharp objects.
Stay Hydrated & Rested – Fatigue is common, so prioritise sleep and drink plenty of fluids.
Avoid Toxins – Stay away from chemicals, pesticides, and unnecessary medications.
When to See a Doctor?
Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:
Severe fatigue or shortness of breath
Uncontrolled bleeding
High fever or signs of infection
Early diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes significantly.
Final Thoughts
Aplastic anaemia is a challenging condition, but with proper medical care and lifestyle adjustments, many people lead fulfilling lives. If you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms, don’t hesitate to consult a specialist.
Consult the Best General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
Consult the Best General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
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