Pneumococcal Vaccine Types, Side Effects, and Who Should Get It
Learn how the pneumococcal vaccine helps with pneumonia prevention, who needs it, vaccine types, schedules, and side effects—based on trusted medical sources.
Written by Dr. Md Yusuf Shareef
Reviewed by Dr. Rohinipriyanka Pondugula MBBS
Last updated on 18th Nov, 2025
Introduction: Why This Vaccine Matters for Pneumonia Prevention
Pneumonia can be serious, especially for babies, older adults, and those with chronic health conditions. One of the most effective and reliable tools for preventing pneumonia and its complications is the pneumococcal vaccine. These vaccines protect against Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), a common bacterium responsible for pneumonia, bloodstream infections, meningitis, and even ear infections in children.
By stimulating the body’s immune system to recognise and fight these bacteria, pneumococcal vaccination helps reduce the risk of severe illness, hospitalisation, and long-term health complications. This guide explains the available pneumococcal vaccine options, who should receive them, and what to expect before and after vaccination—based on the latest evidence from trusted global health authorities like the CDC and WHO.
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What Is Pneumococcal Disease?
Pneumococcal disease is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, which can infect the:
- Lungs – causing pneumonia
- Bloodstream – causing bacteremia
- Brain and spinal cord coverings – causing meningitis
It spreads through droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Those at higher risk include:
- Children under 5 years old
- Adults aged 65 years and older
- People with chronic heart, lung, or liver disease, diabetes, or weakened immunity
- Individuals with a cochlear implant or who smoke cigarettes
Good news: Vaccination dramatically reduces the risk of severe illness, hospitalisation, and complications.
Types of Pneumococcal Vaccines
There are two main categories of pneumococcal vaccines. Your healthcare provider will decide which is best for you based on age, health, and vaccination history.
Conjugate Vaccines (PCV)
- PCV15 (Vaxneuvance)
- PCV20 (Prevnar 20)
- PCV21 (Capvaxive) – for adults
These vaccines link bacterial components to a protein carrier to help the immune system develop strong, long-lasting protection. They cover several strains (serotypes) of pneumococcus that cause serious disease.
Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPSV23)
- PPSV23 (Pneumovax 23)
This vaccine protects against 23 serotypes and is often combined with a conjugate vaccine for broader protection in adults or high-risk children.
Who Should Get the Pneumococcal Vaccine?
Recommendations differ depending on age and medical background. If you’ve been vaccinated before, your clinician can determine whether you need another dose.
Children
- Routine vaccination: All children should receive four doses of a PCV (PCV15 or PCV20) at 2, 4, 6, and 12–15 months.
- Catch-up doses: Children and teens who missed any should follow a tailored schedule.
- Children with high-risk conditions: Those with sickle cell disease, HIV, or other immune-related conditions may need additional protection, sometimes including PPSV23. If PCV20 is used, PPSV23 may not be required.
Adults 65 and Older
Most adults aged 65+ should receive either:
- One dose of PCV20 or PCV21, or
- One dose of PCV15 followed by PPSV23 (usually 1 year later; in some cases, 8 weeks if immunocompromised).
Adults 19–64 With Certain Health Risks
Vaccination is recommended for adults with:
- Chronic heart, lung, or liver disease
- Diabetes or alcoholism
- Weakened immune system due to HIV, cancer therapy, or medications
- Sickle cell disease, missing/damaged spleen, cerebrospinal fluid leak, or cochlear implant
- Cigarette smoking
Options include:
- A single dose of PCV20 or PCV21, or
- PCV15 followed by PPSV23 (timing varies by health condition).
Special Situations
- Pregnancy: Not routinely recommended solely due to pregnancy, but may be given if an underlying risk exists.
- Prior vaccination: If you’ve already received PCV13 or PPSV23, your clinician will advise whether you need additional protection with PCV20 or PCV21.
Pneumococcal Vaccine Schedules and Timing
Children (Routine Schedule)
PCV15 or PCV20: Four doses are given at 2, 4, 6, and 12–15 months of age to ensure strong, lasting immunity during early childhood when the risk of infection is highest.
Catch-up: If your child has missed any doses, consult your paediatrician for an adjusted vaccination plan tailored to their age and health condition.
Adults 65+ (Unvaccinated)
Option A: One dose of PCV20 or PCV21 provides broad protection without the need for PPSV23.
Option B: One dose of PCV15, followed by PPSV23 at least one year later, extends protection against additional strains.
If immunocompromised: The waiting period between doses may be shortened to 8 weeks for faster coverage.
Adults 19–64 With Risk Factors
Option A: A single dose of PCV20 or PCV21 offers convenient, comprehensive protection.
Option B: PCV15 followed by PPSV23 (with intervals as above) may be recommended for those with chronic illnesses or weakened immune systems to maximise defence.
If You’ve Had Previous Pneumococcal Shots
Received PPSV23 only: You can enhance protection with a dose of PCV20 or PCV21 at least one year later for broader immunity.
Received PCV13: You may still require PPSV23 or an updated conjugate vaccine depending on your age, timing, and medical background. Always bring your full vaccination records to your appointment for accurate assessment and guidance.
How Well Does the Pneumococcal Vaccine Work?
The Pneumococcal Vaccine Works by:
- Strong protection: PCV vaccines dramatically lower the risk of severe infections such as meningitis and sepsis.
- Community benefit: When children are vaccinated, disease spread decreases, protecting older adults too.
- Long-lasting immunity: Conjugate vaccines create immune memory for durable protection.
Safety and Side Effects
These vaccines have excellent safety profiles. Most side effects are mild and short-lived.
Common Side Effects
- Redness, soreness, or swelling at the injection site
- Fatigue, mild fever, or headache
- Muscle aches and chills
- Temporary appetite loss or fussiness in children
Less Common but Important
- Fainting: More common in adolescents or adults; remaining seated for 15 minutes after vaccination helps.
- Severe allergic reactions (rare): Signs include hives, swelling, difficulty breathing, or dizziness. Seek emergency care if these occur.
Who Should Not Get the Pneumococcal Vaccine?
- Anyone with a severe allergic reaction to a previous pneumococcal vaccine or component.
- Individuals allergic to diphtheria-toxoid–containing vaccines (as PCVs use this carrier protein).
- People who are moderately or severely ill should delay vaccination until recovery.
Can I Get the Pneumococcal Vaccine With Other Vaccines?
Yes, pneumococcal vaccines can be given at the same time as other vaccines, such as influenza or COVID-19. Different injection sites are used to minimise reactions.
Access, Cost, and Where to Get Vaccinated
- Where to get it: Primary care clinics, paediatric offices, pharmacies, and local health departments.
- Insurance coverage: Most health insurance plans and Medicare Part B cover pneumococcal vaccination for eligible adults.
- Children’s access: The Vaccines for Children (VFC) programme offers free vaccines for qualifying families.
Tips for Your Appointment
Appointment tips include:
- Bring your vaccine record if available.
- Tell your clinician about allergies, ongoing illnesses, or immunosuppressant medications.
- Stay for 10–15 minutes after the shot if you have a history of fainting with injections.
Conclusion
Pneumococcal vaccination is one of the most effective defences against pneumonia and related complications. It saves lives by reducing severe infections, hospital admissions, and disease spread within communities. Whether you’re scheduling vaccines for your child or ensuring protection in later adulthood, following the right pneumococcal schedule is a smart step towards long-term health. Speak with your healthcare provider today to confirm which vaccine option fits your needs best.
Consult a Top General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
Consult a Top General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
Dr Syed Mateen Pasha
General Physician
2 Years • MBBS
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PRESTIGE SHANTHINIKETAN - SOCIETY CLINIC, Bengaluru
Dr. Avinash Pasuparthy
General Practitioner
5 Years • MBBS
Visakhapatnam
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Dr. Pankaj Tripathi
General Practitioner
20 Years • MBBS, MD Pathology
Lucknow
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Dr. Ritesh Motghare
General Practitioner
18 Years • MBBS PGCDM
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HEALTH CENTRE VNIT NAGPUR, Nagpur
Dr Bhargav Vuppumalla
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
5 Years • MBBS MD GENERAL MEDICINE
Bengaluru
Apollo Medical Center, Marathahalli, Bengaluru
Consult a Top General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
Dr Syed Mateen Pasha
General Physician
2 Years • MBBS
Bengaluru
PRESTIGE SHANTHINIKETAN - SOCIETY CLINIC, Bengaluru
Dr. Avinash Pasuparthy
General Practitioner
5 Years • MBBS
Visakhapatnam
Apollo Clinic Vizag, Visakhapatnam
Dr. Pankaj Tripathi
General Practitioner
20 Years • MBBS, MD Pathology
Lucknow
Best Diabetologist Clinic, Lucknow
Dr. Ritesh Motghare
General Practitioner
18 Years • MBBS PGCDM
Nagpur
HEALTH CENTRE VNIT NAGPUR, Nagpur
Dr Bhargav Vuppumalla
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
5 Years • MBBS MD GENERAL MEDICINE
Bengaluru
Apollo Medical Center, Marathahalli, Bengaluru
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Frequently Asked Questions
1) Which Pneumococcal Vaccine Should I Get?
The right vaccine depends on your age, health conditions, and vaccine history. Many adults can receive a single dose of PCV20 or PCV21. Another valid approach is PCV15 followed by PPSV23. Children receive a full PCV15 or PCV20 series. Always confirm with your clinician to ensure full protection.
2) Do I Still Need the Shot If I’ve Had Pneumonia Before?
Yes. A previous pneumonia infection does not guarantee future immunity. Vaccination offers continued protection against pneumococcal pneumonia and related complications such as meningitis or bloodstream infection.
3) How Often Do I Need Pneumococcal Vaccines?
Most adults only require one vaccination visit if they receive PCV20 or PCV21. Those given PCV15 usually need a follow-up PPSV23 dose after one year. People with immune system conditions may have different schedules, so review your vaccine record with your healthcare provider.
4) Is the Pneumococcal Vaccine Safe During Pregnancy?
Pneumococcal vaccines are inactivated, meaning they cannot cause infection. They aren’t routinely recommended during pregnancy unless there’s a specific medical indication. Discuss timing and need with your obstetrician or midwife.
5) Can I Get the Pneumococcal Vaccine With My Flu or COVID-19 Shot?
Yes, both can be given in the same visit, but at separate injection sites. Co-administration helps ensure timely protection, especially during flu and winter seasons when respiratory infections are more common.