Guide to Hmpv Outbreak In India
Your comprehensive guide to the HMPV outbreak in India. Learn about symptoms, prevention strategies, at-risk populations, and the government's response to this respiratory virus.
Written by Dr. J T Hema Pratima
Reviewed by Dr. D Bhanu Prakash MBBS, AFIH, Advanced certificate in critical care medicine, Fellowship in critical care medicine
Last updated on 15th Sep, 2025
Introduction
While the world remains vigilant about COVID-19 and its variants, another respiratory virus has been causing significant outbreaks globally and in India. Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is not a new virus, but a surge in cases has put it in the spotlight, filling hospitals with patients experiencing severe cough, fever, and breathing difficulties. This HMPV outbreak is particularly concerning for young children and the elderly, who are at a higher risk of developing severe complications like pneumonia. This article serves as a comprehensive guide to the HMPV outbreak in India, breaking down everything you need to know—from identifying the symptoms and understanding how it spreads to practical advice on treatment, prevention, and when to seek professional medical help. We’ll provide you with evidence-based information to navigate this season of respiratory illnesses confidently.
What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a common respiratory virus that infects the lungs and breathing passages. It belongs to the same family (Paramyxoviridae) as the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and is a leading cause of upper and lower respiratory infections across all age groups.
A Relatively Newly Discovered Pathogen
Despite being ubiquitous, HMPV was only discovered in 2001 by Dutch scientists. This relatively recent discovery explains why many people are unfamiliar with it, even though serological studies show most children have been infected by it by the age of 5. The virus circulates in predictable seasonal patterns, typically appearing in the winter and spring months, often overlapping with the tail end of the flu and RSV season.
How HMPV Differs from COVID-19, RSV, and the Flu
While the symptoms of cough, fever, and congestion can make these viruses seem identical, they are caused by different pathogens.
COVID-19: Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It often has a wider range of symptoms, including loss of taste/smell, and is associated with a higher risk of blood clots and long-term post-viral complications ("Long COVID").
RSV: Causes similar illness to HMPV and is a major cause of bronchiolitis in infants. It can be more severe than HMPV in very young babies.
Influenza (Flu): Often has a more sudden onset of high fever, body aches, and fatigue compared to the more gradual build-up of HMPV.
The key takeaway is that without a specific test, it is very difficult to distinguish between them based on symptoms alone, which is why consulting a doctor for a persistent respiratory infection is crucial.
The Current HMPV Situation in India
India, like many other countries, has reported a significant uptick in HMPV cases. Following the patterns seen in the US and Europe, Indian hospitals have noted a rise in severe respiratory cases that test negative for COVID-19, influenza, and RSV, but positive for HMPV.
Understanding the Seasonal Spike and Outbreak Patterns
The post-COVID era has seen an alteration in the seasonal patterns of many common viruses. With masks off and social interactions back to normal, viruses like HMPV are circulating more freely. Furthermore, a lack of prior exposure due to COVID-19 restrictions may have created an "immunity gap," making more people, especially young children, susceptible to infections they might have otherwise encountered earlier.
Which Indian States are Most Affected?
Metropolitan cities with high population density, such as Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Chennai, have reported a higher number of cases. This is likely due to easier human-to-human transmission in densely populated areas. However, it is safe to assume that the virus is circulating across the country. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) networks continue to monitor the situation closely.
Recognizing HMPV Symptoms
HMPV symptoms typically appear 3 to 6 days after exposure and can range from mild to severe.
Common Symptoms in Adults and Older Children
For most healthy adults and older children, an HMPV infection will resemble a bad cold. Common signs include:
Nasal congestion and runny nose
Cough (often persistent and nagging)
Sore throat
Low-grade fever
General malaise and body ache
In many cases, the cough can linger for two to three weeks, even after other symptoms have subsided.
Symptoms in Young Children, Infants, and High-Risk Groups
This is where HMPV infection can become serious. In young children, infants, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems or pre-existing lung conditions like asthma or COPD, HMPV can progress to the lower respiratory tract, causing:
High fever
A worsening, croup-like cough
Wheezing and difficulty breathing
Rapid or labored breathing (see chest retractions in infants)
Bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways in the lung)
Pneumonia
If you or your child experiences any breathing difficulties, it is a medical red flag. If your infant is wheezing or struggling to breathe, consult a doctor online with Apollo24|7 for immediate guidance or seek emergency care.
How HMPV Spreads?: Routes of Transmission
HMPV is highly contagious and spreads similarly to other common respiratory viruses:
1. Through respiratory droplets: When an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing droplets into the air that are inhaled by others nearby.
2. By touching contaminated surfaces: The virus can live on surfaces for several hours. You can get infected by touching a contaminated object (like a toy, doorknob, or tablet) and then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes.
3. Close personal contact: Such as shaking hands or sharing cups and utensils with an infected person.
An infected person is usually contagious from the day before symptoms start until the symptoms have largely resolved, which can be a week or two.
Diagnosing Human Metapneumovirus
When to Suspect HMPV?
You should consider the possibility of HMPV if you or your family members have a persistent respiratory tract infection with a nagging cough that isn't improving, especially during the late winter or spring months. It is particularly suspect when standard tests for flu and COVID-19 return negative.
Consult Top Specialists
Available Diagnostic Tests in India
Most cases are diagnosed clinically based on symptoms and seasonality. However, for severe cases requiring hospitalization, definitive testing is available. Multiplex PCR panels can test a single nasal swab sample for a battery of over 20 respiratory pathogens, including HMPV, RSV, influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and adenovirus. Apollo24|7 offers convenient home collection for tests like these, allowing for accurate diagnosis without a hospital visit.
Treating an HMPV Infection
Currently, there is no specific antiviral drug approved to treat HMPV, nor is there a vaccine to prevent it. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and supporting the body’s immune system as it fights the virus.
Supportive Care and Home Remedies
Rest: Allow your body to direct its energy towards fighting the infection.
Hydration: Drink plenty of fluids like water, broth, and electrolyte solutions to prevent dehydration, especially with fever.
Humidified air: Using a cool-mist humidifier or steamy shower can help ease cough and congestion.
Saline nasal drops: These can help loosen mucus in young children.
Managing Fever and Discomfort
Over-the-counter fever reducers and pain relievers like acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen can be used to manage fever and body aches. Always follow dosage instructions based on age and weight, and consult a doctor for children under two.
When are Hospitalization and Advanced Care Needed?
In severe cases, especially in infants or the immunocompromised, hospitalization may be required. Treatment in a hospital may include:
Supplemental oxygen to help with breathing.
Intravenous (IV) fluids to treat dehydration.
Breathing treatments (nebulizers).
In very rare cases, mechanical ventilation may be necessary for respiratory failure.
If symptoms persist beyond two weeks, or if breathing becomes difficult, consult a doctor online with Apollo24|7 for further evaluation to rule out complications.
Preventing HMPV Infection
Since there is no vaccine, prevention relies on conscientious hygiene practices, many of which we perfected during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Importance of Hygiene and Masking
Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if soap and water are not available.
Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands.
Wear a mask in crowded indoor settings, especially during peak virus season.
Disinfect frequently touched surfaces like doorknobs, light switches, and mobile devices.
Protecting Vulnerable Family Members
If you are sick, stay home to avoid spreading the illness. Be extra vigilant around newborns, elderly grandparents, or family members undergoing chemotherapy. Avoid sharing items and consider wearing a mask around them even at home if you have any symptoms
Conclusion
The recent HMPV outbreak in India is a reminder that our environment is full of common pathogens that can significantly impact public health, especially outside of a pandemic context. While HMPV typically causes a self-limiting illness, its potential severity for vulnerable populations cannot be ignored. The best defense against HMPV and other seasonal respiratory viruses is a combination of awareness, proactive prevention through good hygiene, and knowing when to seek professional medical advice. Do not dismiss a persistent cough or cold; it could be HMPV. Stay informed, practice the preventive measures we’ve all learned, and protect those most at risk. If you are concerned about your symptoms, booking a physical visit to a doctor with Apollo24|7 can provide peace of mind and an accurate diagnosis.
Consult Top Specialists
Consult Top Specialists
Dr. Baijnath Budhiram Yadav
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
24 Years • MBBS, MD (General Medicine)
Dombivli
Nulife multispeciality, Dombivli
Dr. Sushith C
General Physician
2 Years • MBBS
Bengaluru
PRESTIGE SHANTHINIKETAN - SOCIETY CLINIC, Bengaluru
Dr. Arthi S
Family Physician
3 Years • MBBS
Bengaluru
PRESTIGE SHANTHINIKETAN - SOCIETY CLINIC, Bengaluru
Dr Syed Mizra M
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
2 Years • MBBS
Bengaluru
PRESTIGE SHANTHINIKETAN - SOCIETY CLINIC, Bengaluru
Dr. Pramodh Krishnamurthy
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
19 Years • MBBS
Bengaluru
Apollo Clinic, Sarjapur Road, Bengaluru
