Evaluating Infertility: Types, Causes, and Treatment
Know about the evaluation of infertility, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options.
Written by Dr. Mohammed Kamran
Reviewed by Dr. Rohinipriyanka Pondugula MBBS
Last updated on 13th Jan, 2026
Introduction
Infertility can be a challenging and emotional journey for many couples. If you or someone you know is struggling to conceive, it’s important to understand that infertility is a common issue and help is available. This article will guide you through the types, causes, and treatment options for infertility in simple, compassionate terms.
Understanding Infertility
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular, unprotected intercourse (or 6 months if the woman is over 35). It affects both men and women and can be caused by various factors.
Consult General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
Types of Infertility
- Primary Infertility – When a couple has never been able to conceive.
- Secondary Infertility – When a couple has had at least one successful pregnancy but is now unable to conceive again.
Infertility can be due to factors in either partner or a combination of both.
Common Causes of Infertility
In Women
- Ovulation Disorders – Conditions like PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) or thyroid issues can prevent regular
ovulation. - Blocked Fallopian Tubes – Often due to infections, endometriosis, or past surgeries.
- Uterine or Cervical Problems – Fibroids, polyps, or structural abnormalities can interfere with implantation.
- Age-Related Decline – Fertility naturally decreases after 35 due to reduced egg quality and quantity.
In Men
- Low Sperm Count or Poor Sperm Motility – Affects the ability of sperm to reach and fertilise an egg.
- Varicocele – Enlarged veins in the testicles that can reduce sperm quality.
- Hormonal Imbalances – Issues with testosterone or other hormones can impact sperm production.
- Lifestyle Factors – Smoking, excessive alcohol, obesity, and stress can contribute to infertility.
Combined Factors
Sometimes, both partners may have contributing issues, making conception difficult without medical intervention.
When to Seek Help?
If you’ve been trying to conceive for:
- 1 year (if under 35)
- 6 months (if over 35)
- Immediately (if there are known reproductive issues)
It’s best to consult a fertility specialist for evaluation.
Diagnosing Infertility
Doctors may recommend:
- For Women: Blood tests (hormone levels), ultrasound (ovarian reserve), HSG (to check fallopian tubes).
- For Men: Semen analysis (sperm count, motility, morphology).
Treatment Options
Lifestyle Changes
- Maintain a healthy weight (both partners).
- Eat a balanced diet (rich in antioxidants, vitamins).
- Avoid smoking, excessive alcohol, and stress.
- Exercise moderately (excessive exercise can affect fertility).
Medical Treatments
- Ovulation Induction – Medications like Clomiphene or Letrozole to stimulate egg release.
- Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) – Sperm is placed directly into the uterus during ovulation.
- In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) – Eggs and sperm are combined in a lab, and embryos are transferred to the uterus.
- Surgery – For blocked tubes, fibroids, or varicoceles.
Alternative Options
- Donor eggs/sperm – If needed.
- Surrogacy – In cases where pregnancy isn’t possible.
Emotional Support Matters
Infertility can be emotionally draining. Seek support from:
- Counselling or support groups
- Loved ones
- Fertility communities
Final Thoughts
Infertility is a medical condition, not a personal failure. With the right diagnosis and treatment, many couples successfully conceive. Stay hopeful, seek help early, and take care of your emotional well-being.
Consult General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
Consult General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
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Consult General Practitioner for Personalised Advice
Dr. Mainak Baksi
General Practitioner
13 Years • MBBS , MD (MPH)
Howrah
Mainak Baksi Clinic, Howrah
(50+ Patients)
Dr. Rajib Ghose
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
25 Years • MBBS
East Midnapore
VIVEKANANDA SEBA SADAN, East Midnapore
Dr. Ritesh Motghare
General Practitioner
18 Years • MBBS PGCDM
Nagpur
HEALTH CENTRE VNIT NAGPUR, Nagpur
Dr. Prabakaran J
General Practitioner
20 Years • MBBS , MD (Community medicine) , Fellowship in Family medicine , CCEBDM
Chennai
Shashtika Clinio- Multi speciality Clinic, Chennai
Dr. Sanjay Makharia
General Practitioner
26 Years • MBBS
Mumbai
SHIVANGEE CLINIC, Mumbai
