Ovarian Cyst: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Learn about ovarian cysts, their symptoms, diagnosis methods, and treatment options to better understand and manage this common condition.
Written by Dr. Md Yusuf Shareef
Reviewed by Dr. Dhankecha Mayank Dineshbhai MBBS
Last updated on 10th Sep, 2025
Introduction
Discovering you have an ovarian cyst can be a worrying experience, but it’s important to know that these fluid-filled sacs on or within an ovary are incredibly common. Most women will develop at least one ovarian cyst during their lifetime, often without ever knowing it. The vast majority are harmless, functional cysts that form as a natural part of the menstrual cycle and disappear on their own without any intervention. However, understanding the different types of ovarian cysts, their potential symptoms, and when they might signal a need for medical attention is crucial for every woman's health. This comprehensive guide will walk you through everything you need to know, from identifying tell-tale signs and getting a proper diagnosis to exploring the range of treatment options available. Our goal is to empower you with knowledge and ease your mind.
What is an Ovarian Cyst?
An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on or inside one of the ovaries, the two small, almond-shaped organs located on either side of the uterus that produce eggs and hormones. Think of them as small blisters. They can vary immensely in size from as small as a pea to larger than a grapefruit and can be simple (filled with fluid) or complex (containing solid material or blood).
How Ovarian Cysts Form
The formation is often tied directly to the process of ovulation. Each month, during a normal menstrual cycle, follicles (small sacs) on the ovaries grow and mature. One dominant follicle releases an egg (ovulation). Sometimes, this process doesn't go perfectly to plan. A follicle might not rupture to release the egg, or the sac (corpus luteum) that forms after release doesn't dissolve as it should. In both cases, the sac can fill with fluid and become a cyst, a normal part of the reproductive cycle.
Consult a Gynaecologist for the best advice
Types of Ovarian Cysts
Not all cysts are the same. They are categorised based on their origin and composition.
Functional Cysts (The Most Common Type)
These are related to the menstrual cycle and are almost always benign and short-lived.
• Follicular Cysts: If the follicle doesn't rupture or release its egg, it can continue to grow into a cyst.
• Corpus Luteum Cysts: After the egg is released, the empty follicle (now called the corpus luteum) can reseal and fill with fluid or blood. These cysts can sometimes grow large and may cause pain or bleeding.
Pathological Cysts (Less Common)
These are not related to the normal menstrual cycle and can develop before puberty or after menopause.
• Dermoid Cysts (Teratomas): These bizarre but usually benign cysts are formed from embryonic cells and can contain tissue like hair, skin, or even teeth.
• Cystadenomas: These develop from ovarian tissue and can be filled with a watery or mucous-like material. They can grow very large but are typically benign.
• Endometriomas: Caused by endometriosis, a condition where uterine-like tissue grows outside the uterus. This tissue can attach to the ovary and form a "chocolate cyst" filled with old, dark blood.
Recognising the Symptoms: When to Pay Attention
Many ovarian cysts, especially small ones, cause no symptoms at all. They are often discovered incidentally during a routine pelvic exam or an ultrasound for another reason.
Common, Often Benign Symptoms
When symptoms do occur, they can include:
• Pelvic pain or a dull ache in the lower back or thighs.
• Bloating or a feeling of fullness (abdominal pressure).
• Pain during intercourse (dyspareunia).
• Painful menstrual periods or irregular bleeding.
• Difficulty emptying your bowels or bladder completely.
"Red Flag" Symptoms Requiring Immediate Care
A sudden, severe pelvic pain, especially if accompanied by fever, vomiting, or dizziness, could indicate a ruptured ovarian cyst or ovarian torsion (where the ovary twists). This is a medical emergency. If you experience sudden, sharp ovarian cyst pain, especially with fever or rapid breathing, seek immediate medical attention. If symptoms like these appear, consult a doctor online with Apollo24|7 for an immediate evaluation to determine the next steps.
How Are Ovarian Cysts Diagnosed?
If a cyst is suspected, your doctor will use several methods for diagnosis.
The Pelvic Exam
During an exam, your doctor may be able to feel swelling on your ovary, indicating a cyst.
Ultrasound: The Gold Standard
A transvaginal ultrasound is the primary tool. It allows the doctor to see the cyst's location, size, shape, and composition (whether it's fluid-filled, solid, or mixed). This helps distinguish a simple, likely harmless cyst from a complex one that may need further investigation.
Additional Tests: Blood Work and Laparoscopy
• CA-125 Blood Test: This test measures a protein that can be elevated in ovarian cancer. It's often used if an ultrasound shows a complex cyst or if you have a high risk of cancer. However, it's not a perfect test, as levels can also be raised by non-cancerous conditions like endometriosis or uterine fibroids.
• Laparoscopy: This minimally invasive surgery allows a surgeon to look directly at the ovaries and, if necessary, remove a cyst at the same time.
Ovarian Cyst Treatment: From Watchful Waiting to Surgery
The right ovarian cyst treatment depends entirely on your age, the cyst's size and type, your symptoms, and whether you've gone through menopause.
Watchful Waiting and Monitoring
This is the most common approach for small, simple, fluid-filled cysts. Since most functional cysts disappear on their own within a few menstrual cycles, your doctor will likely recommend a follow-up ultrasound in a few months to ensure it has resolved.
Medication for Symptom Management
Hormonal contraceptives, like birth control pills, can help prevent the formation of new functional cysts by suppressing ovulation. However, they will not shrink an existing cyst. Pain relievers like ibuprofen can help manage discomfort.
Surgical Intervention Options
Surgery is considered if the cyst is large, causing severe symptoms, doesn't go away after several cycles, or looks suspicious on an ultrasound.
• Cystectomy: The cyst is carefully removed while preserving the ovary and fertility. This is the preferred method for women of childbearing age.
• Oophorectomy: The entire ovary is removed. This may be necessary if the cyst is very large, there is concern about cancer, or if the blood supply to the ovary has been compromised due to torsion.
Ovarian Cysts and Fertility: What You Need to Know
This is a primary concern for many women. The good news is that most ovarian cysts do not affect fertility. Functional cysts are a sign that your ovaries are working normally. However, cysts associated with underlying conditions like endometriosis (endometriomas) or severe pelvic inflammatory disease can impact the function of the ovaries and fallopian tubes, making conception more challenging. Surgical removal of cysts can sometimes affect ovarian reserve, so it's crucial to have a detailed discussion with a fertility specialist if you are planning a pregnancy.
Can You Prevent Ovarian Cysts?
There is no surefire way to prevent ovarian cysts. However, if you are prone to functional cysts, your doctor may prescribe hormonal birth control to prevent ovulation, which in turn prevents the formation of most functional cysts. Regular pelvic exams are your best tool for early detection and monitoring, allowing for timely management if needed.
Conclusion
While the term "ovarian cyst" can sound alarming, it's most often a normal part of the female reproductive system. Armed with the knowledge of what they are, the potential symptoms to watch for, and the modern treatment options available, you can approach this common health topic with confidence. The key takeaway is to maintain a proactive relationship with your healthcare provider. Attend your regular well-woman exams, report any persistent or severe symptoms, and follow through with recommended monitoring. Remember, you know your body best. If something feels off, don't hesitate to seek professional advice. For persistent symptoms or to discuss a recent diagnosis, you can easily consult a trusted gynaecologist online with Apollo24|7 for personalised guidance and care.
Consult a Gynaecologist for the best advice
Consult a Gynaecologist for the best advice
Dr. Mona Yadav
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
19 Years • MBBS, MD (Obstetrics & Gynaecology)
Dombivli
Nulife multispeciality, Dombivli
Dr. Parul Sharma
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
8 Years • MBBS, MS (Obstetrics & Gynaecology)
New Delhi
THE DOCTORS NESST, New Delhi
Dr. Asha Rani Singh
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
24 Years • MBBS DGO
Delhi
Dr Asha Rani Singh Clinic, Delhi
Dr. K Anusha
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
4 Years • MBBS, DGO
Yemmiganur
SRINIVASAA HOSPITAL, Yemmiganur
Dr. Sridevi Matta
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
28 Years • MS ( OBG ), DGO, DNB Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Chinagadila
Apollo Hospitals Health City Unit, Chinagadila
(200+ Patients)
Consult a Gynaecologist for the best advice
Dr. Mona Yadav
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
19 Years • MBBS, MD (Obstetrics & Gynaecology)
Dombivli
Nulife multispeciality, Dombivli
Dr. Parul Sharma
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
8 Years • MBBS, MS (Obstetrics & Gynaecology)
New Delhi
THE DOCTORS NESST, New Delhi
Dr. Asha Rani Singh
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
24 Years • MBBS DGO
Delhi
Dr Asha Rani Singh Clinic, Delhi
Dr. K Anusha
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
4 Years • MBBS, DGO
Yemmiganur
SRINIVASAA HOSPITAL, Yemmiganur
Dr. Sridevi Matta
Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
28 Years • MS ( OBG ), DGO, DNB Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Chinagadila
Apollo Hospitals Health City Unit, Chinagadila
(200+ Patients)
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What does ovarian cyst pain feel like?
Ovarian cyst pain is often described as a dull ache, pressure, or bloating in the lower abdomen on the side where the cyst is located. Pain from a ruptured cyst is typically a sudden, sharp, and severe stabbing sensation.
2. Can an ovarian cyst turn into cancer?
The vast majority of ovarian cysts, especially in premenopausal women, are benign. The risk of a cyst being cancerous increases after menopause. This is why doctors may recommend more aggressive monitoring or removal for cysts that develop after menopause.
3. What is the difference between PCOS and an ovarian cyst?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic and hormonal disorder where the ovaries contain many small, immature follicles (often called 'cysts') that fail to release eggs regularly. A single ovarian cyst is a distinct sac, while PCOS is a systemic condition affecting the entire cycle.
4. How long does it take for a functional ovarian cyst to go away?
Most functional cysts resolve spontaneously within 8-12 weeks. Your doctor will typically recommend a follow-up ultrasound in 3-6 months to confirm it has disappeared.
5. Are there any foods to avoid with ovarian cysts?
While no specific diet can cure cysts, some women find that reducing inflammatory foods (like processed foods, sugars, and unhealthy fats) can help manage overall bloating and discomfort. A balanced, anti-inflammatory diet is generally beneficial for gynaecological health.