Causes of Measles Explained
Understand the causes of measles, including how the virus spreads, who is at risk and how it affects health. Learn about the importance of vaccination for prevention and when to see a doctor.
Written by Dr. Siri Nallapu
Reviewed by Dr. Rohinipriyanka Pondugula MBBS
Last updated on 13th Jan, 2026
Introduction
Measles, also known as rubeola, is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects children but can occur in adults as well. While measles can be prevented with vaccination, understanding its causes can help you take the right precautions to protect yourself and your loved ones.
In this article, we’ll explain:
What causes measles?
How does the virus spread?
Who is most at risk?
Prevention and when to seek medical help.
What Causes Measles?
Measles is caused by the measles virus, which belongs to the paramyxovirus family. This virus infects the respiratory tract and then spreads throughout the body, leading to symptoms like fever, rash, and cough.
Consult a Top General Physician for the best advice
How Does Measles Spread?
The measles virus spreads easily through:
1. Airborne Transmission – When an infected person coughs or sneezes, tiny droplets containing the virus can linger in the air for up to two hours. Breathing in these droplets can infect others.
2. Direct Contact – Touching surfaces contaminated with the virus (like doorknobs or tissues) and then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes can lead to infection.
3. Person-to-Person Contact – Being near an infected person (especially in crowded places) increases the risk of transmission.
A person with measles can spread the virus four days before the rash appears and up to four days after it develops.
Who Is Most at Risk?
While anyone can get measles, certain groups are more vulnerable:
Unvaccinated individuals – Those who haven’t received the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine.
Infants under 12 months – Too young to be vaccinated.
People with weakened immune systems – Such as those undergoing chemotherapy or living with HIV.
Travellers to high-risk areas – Measles outbreaks are more common in regions with low vaccination rates.
How Does Measles Affect Health?
Most people recover within 2-3 weeks, but measles can lead to serious complications, especially in young children and immunocompromised individuals. Possible complications include:
Pneumonia (lung infection)
Encephalitis (brain swelling)
Ear infections (leading to hearing loss)
Severe diarrhea and dehydration
Pregnancy risks (premature birth or low birth weight)
How Can You Prevent Measles?
The best protection against measles is the MMR vaccine, which is safe and highly effective. Here’s what you can do:
Get vaccinated – Two doses of the MMR vaccine provide 97% protection.
Ensure children are vaccinated – The first dose is given at 12-15 months, and the second at 4-6 years.
Avoid close contact with infected individuals – If someone in your household has measles, limit exposure.
Practice good hygiene – Wash hands frequently and avoid touching your face.
When to See a Doctor?
If you or your child develop symptoms like:
High fever
Red, blotchy rash (starting on the face and spreading downward)
Cough, runny nose, or red eyes
Consult a doctor immediately, especially if:
You suspect measles exposure.
Symptoms worsen (difficulty breathing, confusion, seizures).
The patient is an infant, pregnant, or has a weak immune system.
Final Thoughts
Measles is a preventable disease, yet it remains a concern in areas with low vaccination rates. By understanding its causes and taking preventive steps, you can protect yourself and your community.
Consult a Top General Physician for the best advice
Consult a Top General Physician for the best advice
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