Swollen Lymph Nodes: Causes, Symptoms, and When to See a Doctor
Know about the swollen lymph nodes, what it is, what they do, common causes, influence of location on lymph nodes and more.
Written by Dr. Rohinipriyanka Pondugula
Reviewed by Dr. Siri Nallapu MBBS
Last updated on 12th Oct, 2025
Introduction
Discovering a tender, pea-sized lump on your neck or under your arm can be alarming. Your mind might jump to the worst-case scenario, but in the vast majority of cases, swollen lymph nodes are simply a sign that your body's immune system is doing its job. This article will demystify your lymphatic system, explore the myriad causes of swelling from the common cold to more serious conditions, and equip you with the knowledge to know when it's a temporary annoyance and when it's time to seek professional medical advice.
What Are Lymph Nodes and What Do They Do?
Lymph nodes are critical components of your body's sophisticated defense network, the lymphatic system. Think of them as security filters strategically placed throughout your body.
The Anatomy of Your Lymphatic System
This network includes lymph nodes, lymph vessels, the spleen, tonsils, and adenoids. Lymph, a clear fluid containing white blood cells, flows through this system, collecting waste, viruses, and bacteria from your tissues. The lymph nodes act as filtration stations, trapping these harmful substances so specialised white blood cells called lymphocytes can destroy them.
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How Lymph Nodes Fight Infection
When you have an infection nearby, the relevant lymph nodes go into overdrive. They produce extra white blood cells to combat the threat, which causes them to swell and sometimes become tender to the touch. This immune response is why you might feel lumps in your neck when you have a sore throat—those nodes are actively fighting the infection.
Common Causes of Swollen Lymph Nodes (Lymphadenopathy)
The medical term for swollen lymph nodes is lymphadenopathy. The causes are broadly categorised into three groups: infections, immune disorders, and cancers.
Infections: The Most Frequent Culprit
This is by far the most common reason for swollen glands. The type of infection often determines which nodes swell.
Upper Respiratory Infections (Colds, Flu, Strep Throat)
The common cold, influenza, and sinus infections are classic causes of swollen lymph nodes in the neck and under the jaw.
Ear Infections and Dental Issues
An abscessed tooth, gum disease, or an ear infection can cause nodes in the neck and around the ears to become enlarged and painful.
Skin Infections (Cellulitis) and Wounds
A cut, scratch, or infected wound on the arm can lead to swollen lymph nodes in the armpit, while an infection on the foot or leg can cause swelling in the groin area.
Viral Illnesses (Mononucleosis, HIV)
Infectious mononucleosis, often called "mono," is notorious for causing widespread and significant lymph node swelling. HIV also commonly presents with swollen nodes in its early stages.
Immune System Disorders
When the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, it can cause chronic inflammation and lymph node swelling.
Lupus
This systemic autoimmune disease can cause swelling in various node groups throughout the body.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
This autoimmune disorder primarily affects joints but can also involve the lymphatic system, leading to swollen nodes.
Cancers: A Less Common But Serious Cause
While less frequent, certain cancers can cause lymphadenopathy. In these cases, the swelling is due to cancer cells travelling to and collecting in the nodes.
Lymphoma (Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's)
This is a cancer that originates in the lymphatic system itself. A persistently swollen, rubbery, and painless node is a classic sign.
Leukaemia
This cancer of the blood and bone marrow can affect white blood cell production and lead to widespread node swelling.
Metastatic Cancer (Cancer that has Spread)
For example, breast cancer can spread to the axillary nodes in the armpit, while cancers in the abdominal area can spread to nodes in the back of the abdomen.
Location Matters: What Swelling in Different Areas Can Mean?
The location of your swollen lymph nodes can provide a strong clue about the underlying issue.
- Neck/Under Jaw: Most often linked to throat, dental, or respiratory infections (e.g., strep throat, common cold).
- Behind the Ears: Often related to scalp infections, ear infections, or even conjunctivitis (pink eye).
- Armpit (Axillary): Can be caused by infections in the arms or hands, or, less commonly, breast cancer or lymphoma.
- Groin (Inguinal): Typically results from infections in the legs, feet, genitals, or groin area.
When to See a Doctor: Warning Signs You Shouldn't Ignore?
Most swollen nodes resolve on their own as the underlying infection clears. However, certain "red flag" symptoms warrant a doctor's visit. You should consult a healthcare professional if your nodes:
- It has been swollen for more than two weeks with no obvious cause.
- Feel hard, rubbery, or fixed in place (don't move when pushed).
- They are growing rapidly.
- They are accompanied by persistent fever, drenching night sweats, or unexplained weight loss.
- They are located above the collarbone (supraclavicular node swelling is particularly concerning).
If you experience any of these warning signs, consult a doctor online with Apollo24|7 for further evaluation. They can assess your symptoms and recommend the next steps, which may include diagnostic tests.
Conclusion
Swollen lymph nodes are a common and usually harmless bodily response. They are your loyal security team, working overtime to keep you healthy. While it's easy to worry, remember that the vast majority of cases are due to simple, treatable infections. The key is to be observant. Listen to what your body is telling you. By understanding the common causes and, most importantly, recognising the warning signs that necessitate a professional opinion, you can navigate this symptom with confidence and ensure you get the right care at the right time.
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Consult Top Specialists for Personalised Tips
Dr. Anand Ravi
General Physician
2 Years • MBBS
Bengaluru
PRESTIGE SHANTHINIKETAN - SOCIETY CLINIC, Bengaluru
Dr. Sunil Kaul
General Surgeon
30 Years • MBBS, MS, FICS, FIMSA, FMAS
Delhi
Apollo Hospitals Indraprastha, Delhi
(25+ Patients)
Dr Anshuman Kaushal
Minimal Access/Surgical Gastroenterology
24 Years • MS FNB (MAS) FACS FCLS FIAGES FALS (BARIATRIC) FMAS
Delhi
Apollo Hospitals Indraprastha, Delhi
Dr. Amrutha G
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
10 Years • MBBS,DNB(family medicine), Diabetologist-CCEBDM,CCGDM
Bengaluru
Apollo Clinic, Sarjapur Road, Bengaluru
Dr. Kiran K J
General and Laparoscopic Surgeon
18 Years • MBBS, MS, FMAS, DMAS (Fellow & Dip in Min. Access surg.), FALS- Bariatric & Robotic Surgery
Bengaluru
Apollo Hospitals Bannerghatta Road, Bengaluru
(50+ Patients)
Consult Top Specialists
Dr. Anand Ravi
General Physician
2 Years • MBBS
Bengaluru
PRESTIGE SHANTHINIKETAN - SOCIETY CLINIC, Bengaluru
Dr. Sunil Kaul
General Surgeon
30 Years • MBBS, MS, FICS, FIMSA, FMAS
Delhi
Apollo Hospitals Indraprastha, Delhi
(25+ Patients)
Dr Anshuman Kaushal
Minimal Access/Surgical Gastroenterology
24 Years • MS FNB (MAS) FACS FCLS FIAGES FALS (BARIATRIC) FMAS
Delhi
Apollo Hospitals Indraprastha, Delhi
Dr. Amrutha G
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
10 Years • MBBS,DNB(family medicine), Diabetologist-CCEBDM,CCGDM
Bengaluru
Apollo Clinic, Sarjapur Road, Bengaluru
Dr. Kiran K J
General and Laparoscopic Surgeon
18 Years • MBBS, MS, FMAS, DMAS (Fellow & Dip in Min. Access surg.), FALS- Bariatric & Robotic Surgery
Bengaluru
Apollo Hospitals Bannerghatta Road, Bengaluru
(50+ Patients)
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can stress and anxiety cause swollen lymph nodes?
While stress can weaken your immune system over time, making you more susceptible to infections that cause node swelling, there is no direct evidence that stress alone causes lymph nodes to swell. The swelling is almost always a physical response to an invader or illness.
How long do swollen lymph nodes typically last?
Nodes swollen from a common viral infection (like a cold) usually peak in size and tenderness around the 2-3 day mark and can take 1-2 weeks to fully subside after the infection has cleared. If they persist beyond two weeks without improvement, it's wise to get them checked.
What is the difference between a swollen lymph node and a lump?
A swollen lymph node is a specific type of lump that is part of your lymphatic system. Other lumps can be cysts, lipomas (fatty tumours), or abscesses. A doctor can usually tell the difference through a physical exam based on location, texture, and mobility.
Are swollen lymph nodes in the neck always a sign of cancer?
No, far from it. The neck is the most common location for swollen nodes and is most frequently caused by routine infections like the common cold or strep throat. Cancer is a rare cause, but it's important to be aware of the warning signs (painless, hard, growing).
Should I massage or squeeze a swollen lymph node?
No, you should avoid massaging or squeezing swollen nodes aggressively. This can irritate them further. Applying a warm, wet compress gently can help soothe discomfort associated with inflammation, but the primary treatment is always addressing the underlying cause.