What Leads To Signs Of Vaginal Cancer?
Learn about the common signs and symptoms of vaginal cancer, what leads to its development, and when to see a doctor. Early detection is key.
Written by Dr. Mohammed Kamran
Reviewed by Dr. Shaik Abdul Kalam MD (Physician)
Last updated on 25th Sep, 2025
Introduction
Vaginal cancer is a rare gynecologic cancer that develops in the vagina, the muscular tube connecting the outer genitals to the cervix. While the word "cancer" can be alarming, understanding what leads to its signs and symptoms is the first step toward empowerment and proactive health. This article will guide you through the intricate connection between the underlying causes of vaginal cancer and the physical symptoms that may appear. Many early signs can be subtle or mistaken for other, less serious conditions, which is why knowing the risk factors is crucial. We will explore how factors like HPV infection, age, and lifestyle can create cellular changes that eventually manifest as noticeable warnings. Our goal is to provide clear, compassionate information that helps you recognize potential red flags, understand when to seek medical advice, and learn about prevention strategies. If you experience any persistent symptoms, consulting a doctor online with Apollo24|7 can provide timely guidance and peace of mind.
What exactly is vaginal cancer?
Vaginal cancer originates when healthy cells in the vagina undergo a mutation, causing them to grow uncontrollably and form a tumor. These cancerous cells can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. It's important to distinguish it from more common cancers like cervical cancer, which starts in the cervix, even though they can cause similar symptoms.
Primary vs. Secondary Vaginal Cancer
Cancer that begins in the vagina is called primary vaginal cancer. More commonly, cancer can spread (metastasize) to the vagina from another part of the body, such as the cervix, vulva, endometrium, or even distant organs like the colon or bladder. This is known as secondary vaginal cancer and is treated based on its origin.
The Main Types of Vaginal Cancer Cells
The specific type of cancer is determined by the cells where it starts:
Squamous Cell Carcinoma: This is the most common type, accounting for about 85% of cases. It begins in the thin, flat squamous cells that line the surface of the vagina. It typically grows slowly and is most often found in the upper part of the vagina, near the cervix.
Adenocarcinoma: This type develops in the glandular cells of the vagina and is much rarer. It is more likely than squamous cell carcinoma to spread to the lungs and lymph nodes. A specific subtype, clear cell adenocarcinoma, is linked to prenatal exposure to a drug called DES (diethylstilbestrol).
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The Critical Link: From Underlying Causes to Noticeable Signs
The development of vaginal cancer is not typically attributed to a single cause but rather a sequence of events often triggered by specific risk factors. The primary driver is damage to the DNA of vaginal cells. For instance, a persistent infection with a high-risk strain of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can cause this damage over time. The body's immune system usually clears the virus, but in some cases, the infection persists, leading to precancerous changes known as Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VAIN). If left undetected, these precancerous cells can evolve into invasive squamous cell carcinoma. This process explains why a risk factor (HPV) can lead to a cellular change (VAIN), which may eventually cause a physical symptom like abnormal bleeding. Understanding this chain of events highlights the importance of addressing risk factors early.
Key Risk Factors That Can Lead to Vaginal Cancer
While having a risk factor doesn't mean you will get cancer, it increases the statistical probability. Knowing these allows for more informed conversations with your doctor.
HPV Infection: The Most Significant Risk Factor
Infection with certain high-risk strains of HPV is the most important risk factor for vaginal cancer. HPV is a common virus spread through sexual contact. Most sexually active people will get HPV at some point, but few will develop cancer. The virus can cause changes in vaginal cells that may, over many years, progress to cancer. The HPV vaccine is a powerful tool in preventing infections from the most dangerous strains.
Age and DES Exposure
Age is a major factor. The majority of vaginal cancers are found in women over 60. However, for a specific type—clear cell adenocarcinoma—the key risk is prenatal exposure to DES. This drug was prescribed to some pregnant women between 1940 and 1971 to prevent miscarriage. Women whose mothers took DES have a higher risk of developing this rare cancer, often at a younger age (in their teens or 20s).
Lifestyle and Pre-existing Health Conditions
Smoking: Tobacco use doubles the risk of vaginal cancer. Chemicals from smoking are absorbed into the bloodstream and can concentrate in vaginal secretions, damaging cells.
Alcohol: Heavy, chronic alcohol consumption can weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off HPV infections and clear precancerous cells.
Previous Cervical Cancer: A history of cervical cancer or pre-cancer significantly increases the risk of developing vaginal cancer. This may be due to shared risk factors like HPV.
A Weakened Immune System
Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those taking immunosuppressant drugs after an organ transplant, have a reduced ability to fight viral infections and are at a higher risk for developing vaginal cancer and other HPV-related cancers.
Recognizing the Early Signs and Symptoms
In its earliest stages, vaginal cancer may not cause any signs. When symptoms do appear, they are often mistaken for less serious issues. This is why awareness is critical.
Common Vaginal Cancer Symptoms
Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding: This is the most common symptom. It can include bleeding after menopause, bleeding after sexual intercourse, or bleeding between periods.
Unusual Vaginal Discharge: A watery, bloody, or foul-smelling discharge that is not typical for you.
A Lump or Mass in the Vagina: This may be felt by you or your doctor during an examination.
Painful Urination or Frequent Urination: This can occur if the tumor is pressing against the urethra.
Pelvic Pain: Especially during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia).
Symptoms That May Indicate Advanced Stages
If the cancer grows and spreads, symptoms may include:
Persistent pain in the pelvis or lower back.
Swelling in the legs.
Problems with bowel movements, such as constipation.
If you experience any of these symptoms persistently, especially abnormal bleeding, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional. You can book a physical visit to a gynecologist with Apollo24|7 for a thorough evaluation.
How is Vaginal Cancer Diagnosed?
Early diagnosis significantly improves treatment outcomes. The process typically begins with a routine check-up or an investigation of symptoms.
The Role of Pelvic Exams and Pap Tests
A pelvic examination is the first step. The doctor visually examines the vulva, vagina, and cervix and feels the uterus and ovaries for any abnormalities. A Pap test (or smear) may be performed, which collects cells from the cervix and vagina to be examined under a microscope for precancerous or cancerous changes. While primarily for cervical cancer screening, a Pap test can sometimes detect vaginal cancer cells.
Advanced Diagnostic Procedures: Colposcopy and Biopsy
If an abnormality is found, a colposcopy is performed. This procedure uses a special magnifying instrument (colposcope) to get a detailed view of the vagina and cervix. If any suspicious areas are seen, a biopsy is taken—a small sample of tissue is removed for laboratory analysis. A biopsy is the only definitive way to diagnose vaginal cancer. Apollo24|7 offers convenient home collection for various tests, and your doctor can guide you on the necessary diagnostic steps, which may need to be performed in a clinic.
Prevention and Early Detection Strategies
While not all cases can be prevented, you can significantly reduce your risk.
The Power of the HPV Vaccine
Vaccination against HPV is the most effective way to prevent the majority of vaginal cancers, as well as cervical, vulvar, and anal cancers. The vaccine is recommended for both boys and girls, typically between ages 9 and 12, but can be given up to age 45.
The Importance of Regular Gynecological Check-ups
Attending routine pelvic examinations and following your doctor's recommendations for Pap tests and HPV testing are vital for early detection. These screenings can identify precancerous changes (VAIN) long before they develop into invasive cancer, allowing for simpler and more effective treatment.
Conclusion
Vaginal cancer, while rare, underscores the importance of understanding the connection between our health choices, genetic predispositions, and the signals our bodies send. The journey from a risk factor like HPV to a noticeable symptom like abnormal bleeding can be a long one, filled with opportunities for intervention. By recognizing the key risk factors—especially the pivotal role of HPV—and being vigilant about changes such as unusual bleeding or discharge, you take an active role in your health. Modern medicine offers powerful preventive tools like the HPV vaccine and effective early detection methods through regular screenings. If you have any concerns or fall into a higher-risk category, do not hesitate to seek professional medical advice. Awareness and proactive care are your strongest allies.
Consult Top Specialists
Consult Top Specialists
Dr. Sandhya Chandel
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
16 Years • MBBS, MD (Int. Med.), IDCCM
Bilaspur
Apollo Hospitals Seepat Road, Bilaspur
(125+ Patients)
Dr. Paras Gangwal
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
28 Years • MBBS,MD General Medicine
Delhi
Dr Paras Gangwal Clinic, Delhi
Dr Puppala Anirudh
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
10 Years • MBBS, MD
Nizamabad
Sri Srinivasa hospital, Nizamabad
Dr. Swagata Sircar
General Physician/ Internal Medicine Specialist
8 Years • MBBS, MD General Medicine
Kolkata
HealthYou Speciality Clinic & Diagnostics., Kolkata
Dr Venkata Naga Sai Tribhushan Rambhatla
General Physician
3 Years • MBBS
Bengaluru
PRESTIGE SHANTHINIKETAN - SOCIETY CLINIC, Bengaluru
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Frequently Asked Questions
1. Is vaginal cancer the same as cervical cancer?
No, they are different. Cervical cancer starts in the cervix (the opening of the uterus), while vaginal cancer starts in the vagina itself. However, they share similar risk factors, primarily HPV.
2. What are the first signs of vaginal cancer I should look for?
The most common first sign is abnormal vaginal bleeding that is not part of your regular period, particularly if you are post-menopausal. Any persistent change in discharge or pelvic pain should also be evaluated.
3. Can a Pap test detect vaginal cancer?
While a Pap test is primarily designed to screen for cervical cancer, it can sometimes detect abnormal cells from the vagina, potentially indicating vaginal cancer. However, it is not a definitive test for it.
4. If I have HPV, will I definitely get vaginal cancer?
No, absolutely not. The vast majority of HPV infections clear on their own without causing any problems. Only a small fraction of persistent infections with high-risk HPV strains may, over many years, lead to precancerous changes and potentially cancer.
5. What is the survival rate for vaginal cancer?
Survival rates are highly dependent on the stage at diagnosis. When detected at an early, localized stage, the 5-year survival rate is very high. This highlights the critical importance of paying attention to symptoms and getting regular check-ups.